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-0,0 +1,1627 @@ + + + + + +Mbuni: Open Source MMS Gateway - User documentation + + + + + + + + + + + +

Mbuni: Open Source MMS Gateway

+ + + +

User Guide

+ +This document describes the installation and usage of the MMS Gateway. + +

Table of Contents

+ + + + + +
+ +

Chapter 1: Introduction

+ +

+ This chapter provides an overview of MMS +(short for Multimedia Messaging Service) and the Mbuni MMS Gateway. +

+ +

MMS offers mobile +users enhanced messaging capabilities like the ability to send pictures and +sound from a cell phone. It is generally considered the natural successor to +the very popular SMS service.

+ +

MMS usage has +continued to grow since introduction, and it is expected that projects +such as Mbuni should further boost the adoption of MMS and its +explosion. +

+

+The Mbuni Project attempts to provide that +little bit of boost to MMS adoption/growth, by providing a crucial part of the +MMS infrastructure in the form of a fully-fledged Open Source MMS Gateway (more +commonly called a MMS Centre).

+ +

Mbuni aims to +support all the major MMS interfaces, including phone-to-phone (so-called MM1 +interface), phone-to-email (MM3), inter-MMSC (MM4) and MMS VAS (MM7). The +initial release fully supports the MM1 and MM3 interfaces, and provides +rudimentary support for the MM4 interface. This version also supports +network-side MMBox storage and transactions as specified in the OMA +MMS v1.2 specification.

+ +

Mbuni is +inspired, in part by the Kannel project, and utilises Kannel's GWLIB and WAP +libraries. Kannel provides +well-designed, simple interfaces for management of octet strings, lists, +threads, servers, etc, and a certified WAP implementation. This made +it a natural choice for Mbuni, rather than re-inventing the wheel.

+ +

Overview of MMS

+ +

The Multimedia +Messaging Service (MMS), is intended to provide a rich set of content to +subscribers (pictures, audio, games, etc). It supports both sending +and receiving of rich content by +properly enabled client devices. MMS is a non-real-time delivery service, much +like SMS or email. The service utilises a store-and-forward usage model.

+ + +

MMS is designed to be transported +largely over IP rather than traditional GSM (SS7) networks. It is also designed +to interoperate with other IP services such as email and WAP. In fact, MMS +messages are typically transported over WAP, and are encoded using WAP MIME +formats.

+ + +

The MMS Gateway acts as the +message-switching device in the MMS architecture. The general architecture is +shown below.

+ +
+ +
+

The elements +shown in the figure can be summarised as follows:

+ +
    +
  • MMS +Client: A device through +which the user receives or sends multimedia messages. This might be a phone or +a PC-based MMS client. The Client sends messages to and receives messages from +the Gateway using WAP/HTTP as transport. +
  • MMS +Gateway: Switches +messages between different MMS clients and between MMS and Email. The Gateway +may also interface with other gateways to exchange messages destined for +foreign networks. +
  • MMS +Server: This component +typically providers persistent storage of messages on the network. Typically +users can access stored messages via a web interface. +
  • Other MMS +Systems:Other systems, +such as Third Party MMS systems (e.g. MMS VAS providers) can interface to the +Gateway to receive and send MMS content. The Interface used is termed +MM7. +
  • SMSC: The MMS Gateway utilises WAP Push to send +notifications to MMS Clients. These are typically sent using SMS as the bearer +service, hence the need for a link to a Short Message Service Centre. +
+ + +

Typically, the +message cycle begins with a user sending a multimedia message (MM) via the MMS +client. The client must be configured for MMS, which includes bearer settings +(i.e. GPRS or GSM/CSD settings), WAP gateway address and MMS Gateway address (a +URL).

+ + +

An MM is typically a multi-part message +with pictures, sound, text and other media. Each part of the message is +identified by media (MIME) type, name and/or Content ID. When submitting a +message, the MMS client indicates the intended recipient list, but usually not +the sender address, which the MMS Gateway retrieves from the WAP +gateway. Like Email, a single MMS can specify +multiple recipients (MSISDNs and Email addresses), and it is up to the Gateway +to ensure correct delivery to each of the recipients.

+ + +

When the gateway +receives a message destined for an email address, it typically re-codes the +message as standard MIME and passes it on to an SMTP server for delivery. Email +messages received are similarly re-coded as MMS and forwarded to the relevant +MMS Client.

+ +

When the gateway receives a message +destined to MMS Clients in the area served by the gateway, the message is +stored and an MMS notification sent to the recipient via WAP Push. On receipt +of the notification, the client typically fetches the message via a URL +provided in the notification.

+ + + +

When a recipient requests an incoming MM +from the server, it indicates to the server its capabilities for a User Agent +Profile URL. The profile data includes such things as supported media types, +screen size, supported character sets, etc. Typically, the gateway will re-code +the MM to suit the client's capabilities before returning the message. Messages +destined to email may also be re-coded to make them more suitable for email +readers.

+ +

 

+ +

The gateway may also interface with a +subscriber database, which controls message delivery and billing. The +subscriber database will provide such information as which subscribers are +provisioned for MMS, tariffs, etc.

+ + + +

Features

+ + +

Mbuni MMS gateway is a modular software system, designed to +be full-featured, efficient and simple, supporting current generation two-way +multimedia messaging. Feature highlights include:

+ +
    +
  • Phone-to-phone messaging + +
  • Automatic content adaptation: The server modifies message +content depending on the capabilities of the receiving terminal + +
  • Integrated Email-to-MMS and MMS-to-Email gateway + +
  • Support for persistent storage of messages for subscribers (MMbox). + +
  • Inter-MMSC message exchange (MM4 interface) + +
  • Support for integration with subscriber database to enable smart handling of handsets that do not support MMS, handsets not provisioned, etc. + +
  • Support for flexible billing structure through billing/CDR plug-in architecture + +
  • Bearer (data) technology neutral: Works with GSM/CSD or GPRS. + +
+ + +

+Currently there is no support for VAS via MM7 protocols (SOAP or +EIAF), but this is planned and should be available soon. +
+The Gateway is designed and tested to conform to Open Mobile Alliance +(OMA), WAP and 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) MMS standards +including: + +

    +
  • WAP: 209 +
  • OMA: MMS v1.1, UAProf v1.1 +
  • 3GPP: TS 23.140 +
+ +

+ +

Requirements

+ +

+Mbuni is being developed on MacOS X and Linux systems using the C programming language. It should compile and run on any similar system. +

+ +

+Mbuni utilises some libraries that are part of the Kannel source, + specifically GWLIB and WAP libraries. In order to install Mbuni you + will need to install (a patched) Kannel (and therefore fulfil those + dependencies Mbuni shares with it). +

+ + The following additional components are required: +
    +
  • Libiconv v2.0 or higher is required for character set conversions +
  • Audio conversion tools required by the content adaptation module: + +
  • Image conversion tools required by the content adaptation +module: + +
  • Mail server such as Postfix (www.postfix.org) +
  • You will also need to be running a WAP gateway (we recommend Kannel). +
  • You may optionally need to run an HTTP proxy such as Squid +(squid-cache.org), since some +newer phones (e.g. Nokia 6600) do +not send MMS over WAP but directly over HTTP via an HTTP Proxy. +
+ +Hardware requirements will depend on amount of traffic, required +response times, etc. Keep in mind however that the gateway performs a +lot of heavy media re-coding tasks, particularly during content +adaptation, so you should always err on the side of more rather than +less power. + + +

Chapter 2: Installing The Gateway

+ +

This section +explains the steps required to install the gateway. Currently only installation +from source is provided (binary option coming soon).

+ +

+In brief, to install Mbuni, you need to: +

    +
  • Download and install required packages (such as libXML, libiconv) +
  • Download, patch and install Kannel v1.4.0 +
  • Download and install Mbuni +
  • Download, patch and install the AMR encoder/decoder +
  • Download and install additional requried packages +
+

+ +

The source code +for Mbuni is available for download from the download area of the website +

+ + + +

Patching and Installing Kannel

+ +

In order to compile the software, you +will first need to download, patch, compile and install Kannel v1.4.0 from kannel.org:

+ + + +

Unpack the kannel +source files using a command like:

+ +

bzip2 -cd +gateway-1.4.0.tar.bz2 | tar xf -

+ + +

The kannel +sources need to be patched for Mbuni using one of the supplied patch files from +the Mbuni downloads section given above. You can use either one of the patch +files:

+ +
    +
  • mbuni-kannel-patch-minimal has minimal patches to Kannel + for: +
      +
    • Support of configuration directives + required by the MMS Gateway in the configuration file format used by + kannel. This is patch to gwlib +
    • Makefile patch so that WAP library + and header files are installed as part of Kannel installation
      • +
    +
  • mbuni-kannel-patch-full has all the patches above and + patches to Kannel itself to enable it support sending of Over-The-Air + settings using OMA + Client Provisioning (v1.1) specifications. The + changes have been tested but may of course contain a bug or + two. Since newer phones only support sending of MMS OTA settings + using OMA format, we thought this would be a useful addition.
    • +
+ + +

Which patch you +choose is a matter of taste. Apply the patch like this

+ + +

cd gateway-1.4.0 +
+patch -p1 < ../mbuni-kannel-patch-full + +

+ +

Then proceed to +compile and install Kannel normally:

+ +

+ +./configure +
+make install +

+ +

Installing Mbuni MMS Gateway

+ + +

Download and +unzip/tar Mbuni sources in a directory of your choice:

+ + +tar xzf mbuni-version.tgz + + +

Where version is the verion of Mbuni (e.g. 0.9.8). Compile and +install mbuni as follows:

+ +

cd +mbuni-version
+ + +./configure
+make insall +

+ +

If you installed +Kannel in a non-standard location, you will need to supply the location to configure using --with-kannel=kannel_directory

+ +
Installing from CVS
+

If you want to try out the development version of Mbuni, you can + download it from the CVS on sourceforge.net:

+ +cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/mbuni login
+ + followed by
+ + cvs -z3 -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/mbuni co -P mbuni
+ + you can then cd mbuni and use the ./configure and + make install as above. + + +

Mbuni consists of +4 programs: +

    +
  • mmsc/mmsglobalsender +
  • mmsc/mmsmobilesender +
  • mmsc/mmsproxy +
  • mmsc/mmsfromemail +
+which are by +default installed in /usr/local/bin +

+ +

mmsglobalsender is the main relay server. It routes +incoming messages to email, other MMS gateways, MMS clients/handsets, +etc. mmsmobilesender manages routing messages to MMS clients +using WAP Push, sending of delivery reports, etc. mmsproxy +provides the HTTP interface via which messages are +sent and received by MMS clients. mmsfromemail Is +the email2MMS gateway module. All programs must be configured, and the first +three running for the gateway to function smoothly.

+ + +

Installing Required Components

+ +

Be sure to install all other required +components as detailed above, otherwise parts of the MMS gateway may not +function correctly.

+ + + +

Mbuni expects that an AMR decoder is installed and can be invoked +as:
+amrdecoder infile outfile +
+ +to decode an AMR +file to header-less (raw), 16-bit signed, mono, 8kHz audio samples in +the output file. (Input and output files may be '-' for standard input +or output respectively.)

+ +

Similarly, it is expected that an AMR encoder +called amrencoder exists and can be executed as follows: +
+amrencoder mode infile outfile +
and convert raw, 16-bit signed, 8kHz + mono audio samples in the input file to AMR using the supplied + encoding mode. + +
+
+For the AMR encoder/decoder, we have adapted the sample provided on the 3GPP +website. Follow the instructions below to install it:
+ +

    +
  • Download the AMR encoder/decoder source from here + +
  • unzip/unpack the zip file, and unpack the source within:
    + +unzip 26104-520.zip
    + +mkdir amr
    + +cd amr
    +unzip ../26104-520_ANSI_C_source_code.zip
    + +
  • Download the AMR code patch from the mbuni.org download section and apply as follows:
    + +patch -p1 < ../mbuni-amr-patch +
  • You should then compile and install the AMR encoder/decoder as follows:
    + + make -f makefile.gcc
    +cp -f amrdecoder amrencoder /usr/local/bin +
+This AMR encoder +is not very efficient but it works (which is important!)

+ +

Chapter 3: Running the Gateway

+ +

To run the gateway, you must run the +three programs listed above (mmsglobalsender, +mmsmobilsender, mmsproxy). mmsfromemail +should be called from your MTA (SMTP Mailer) to convert +and deliver an MMS from an email sender. The order in which they are started +is unimportant. They expect the configuration file to be passed as the last +argument on the command line (default is mmsc.conf). The +configuration file controls most aspects of +the operation of the gateway.

+ +

Configuration File

+ +

The configuration file format is the same as that used +by Kannel. The configuration file consists of groups of configuration +variables. Groups are separated by empty lines, each variable is defined on its +own line. Each group begins with the group name. Comments are lines that begin +with a hash (#) and are ignored. +

+A +variable definition line has the name of the variable, an equals sign (=) and +the value of the variable. The name of the variable can contain any characters +except white space and equals. The value of the variable is a string, with or +without quotation marks (") around it. Quotation marks are needed if the value +begins or ends with white space or contains special characters. Normal C escape +character syntax works inside quotation marks.

+ +

The variable group marks the +beginning of a new group with the given name.

+ +

The core group is +core and defines the log file location, log level (amount of debugging +information – the lower the number the more debugging +information) and the location of the access log. + +
+
+ + +group = +core
+log-file += log/mmsgw.log
+log-level += 0 +
+access-log = log/access.log
+ +

+

+This should be +followed by the main MMS gateway configuration group (mmsbox). +
+
+ + +group = +mmsbox
+ +name = +"My MMSC"
+ +hostname += ds.co.ug
+ +host-alias += mmsc
+ +local-mmsc-domains= +mbuni.org,service.com
+ +local-prefixes += 075;+25675;25675
+ +send-queue-directory += spool/global
+ +mm1-queue-directory += spool/mm1
+ +mm4-queue-directory += spool/mm4
+ +max-send-threads += 5
+ +send-mail-prog += /usr/sbin/sendmail -f '%f' '%t'
+ + ...
+ +

+

The table below +lists all the configuration directives

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ Variable + Name +     + Type +     + Description +    
group +     + mmsbox +     + Mandatory + variable +    
name +     + string +     + User-friendly + name for the Gateway, used in notices, etc +    
hostname + +     + string +     + Local hostname. + This is added as a qualifier to the sender address when MMS is forwarded to + Email or to a foreign MMSC via SMTP. Defaults to localhost +    
host-alias + +     + string +     + Short form of + hostname. This is used in generating message IDs. It is also used to + generate the message retrieval URL (sent as part of the MMS + notification): For instance if you have this as mmsc then + the retrieval URL will have the form + http://mmsc/msgtoken (no port is added). Be sure to + keep this value short as some handsets do not like long URLs in MMS + notifications. If you do not supply a host alias, the gateway will create a long form URL (http://hostname:port/msgtoken) when it sends notifications +    
+ local-mmsc-domains + +     + List of + Internet domains (comma separated) +     + A list of + internet domains that should be considered local to this MMS gateway. Email + or MMS messages received destined to these domains should be treated as local +    
local-prefixes +     + Number + prefix list +     + Number prefixes + that should be considered local. Messages to numbers that match these + prefixes will be delivered locally (via mmsmobilesender) +    
+ send-queue-directory + +     + Directory name + (string) +     + Global Queue directory: + Used by mmsglobalsender to store out-going messages. + All messages will be stored here until they can be delivered +    
+ mm1-queue-directory + +     + Directory name + (string) +     + Queue directory + for messages destined to (local) MMS clients. Used by mmsmobilesender +    
+ mm4-queue-directory + +     + Directory name + (string) +     + Queue directory + for messages destined to or coming from foreign MMS + gateways. mmsglobalsenderfromemail manages this queue +    
+ mmbox-root-directory + +     + Directory name + (string) +     + Directory where all user/subscriber MMboxes will be stored. This + directory will contain a set of sub-directories under which user + MMboxes will be stored. Each user MMbox has a maildir-like structure    
+ max-send-threads +     + Number +     + How many queue + processing threads to start. A higher value means messages get delivered + faster. +    
+ send-mail-prog +     + String +     + Command to use for sending email messages + (MMS-to-email or to foreign MMS gateways via SMTP). This command can include variables: %f + – replaced with the message from address, %t – replaced with the + recipient address (RFC 822 compliant), %s – the message subject, %m + – the message ID +    
+ unified-prefix + +     + Number list +     + A string to + unify received phone numbers, so that routing works correctly. Format is that + first comes the unified prefix, + then all prefixes which are replaced by the unified prefix, separated with + comma (','). For example "+256,000256,0;+,000" should + ensure correct UG prefixes. If + there are several unified prefixes, separate their rules with semicolon (';') +    
+ maximum-send-attempts + +     + integer +     + Maximum number + of attempts gateway must make to deliver message before giving up (e.g. + mobile phone is off, email domain is unavailable) +    
+ default-message-expiry + +     + Integer +     + Default number + of seconds in which message expires and is purged from queue (if not yet + delivered). This figure is overridden by whatever is in the message. +    
+ queue-run-interval + +     + Real +     + How many + seconds between each queue run +    
+ send-attempt-back-off + +     + Integer +     + mmsmobilesender uses a form of exponential back-off + when sending notifications to phones. This figure provides the starting + back-off value (in seconds). +    
+ sendsms-url +     + String +     + URL of the + service through which SMS can be sent to a mobile subscriber (e.g. for WAP + Push). It is expected that this url expects/supports Kannel-style send-sms + parameters (udh, from, to, text, etc.) +    
+ sendsms-username + +     + String +     + Username to + pass (for authentication) to send-sms URL +    
+ sendsms-password +     + String +     + Password to + pass (for authentication) to send-sms URL +    
+ sendsms-global-sender +     + String +     + Optional sender + (to field) to use in send sms url +    
+ mms-port + +     + Integer +     + Port on which mmsproxy listens for MMS messages from MMS + clients (Default + is 8191). +    
+ allow-ip +     + List of IP + addresses +     + List of IP + addresses of hosts allowed to use/access the MMS Port (above). You can use + this for instance to insist that only connections coming via a known/trusted + WAP gateway are serviced. Leave out to allow all machines to connect. +    
+ mms-client-msisdn-header +     + String +     + Name of HTTP + Header sent/inserted by WAP gateway as part of MMS request to indicate MSISDN + of sender. Note that typically the MMS client does not indicate its MSISDN in + the MMS message, it is up to the gateway to discover this and insert it. We + rely on the WAP gateway to provide the MSISDN as an HTTP request header + (default header name is X-WAP-Network-Client-MSISDN) +    
+ mms-client-ip-header +     + String +     + Name of HTTP + Header sent/inserted by WAP gateway as part of MMS request to + indicate IP Address + of sender. Similar to the above, if the MSISDN is not set, then we + assume that the client is identified by IP address, which we extract + from the request headers (using this header). Default header name + is X-WAP-Network-Client-Address. If the header is not + found, we assume the IP address as seen by Mbuni's MM1 interface. +    
+ allow-ip-type +     + Boolean +     + Set this to false to prevent Mbuni accepting and processing messages from + senders identified by IP address (i.e. not by MSISDN). Default: True. +    
+ optimize-notification-size +     + Boolean +     + Set this to true make Mbuni attempt to squeeze MMS notifications + in one WAP Push SMS, by leaving out subject and sender + fields. Default: false +    
+ email2mms-relay-prefixes +     + Number list +     + When MMS is received + via SMTP, the gateway needs to determine whether it is for a local or a + foreign recipient. To determine if the recipient is local recipient, we use + the local-prefixes setting. If the recipient is not local, + the message should be forwarded on to the relevant foreign MMS gateway, only + if the recipient number matches one of the prefixes in this comma-separated + list. +    
+ ua-profile-cache-directory + +     + Directory name + (string) +     + User Agent + Profile Cache: When an MMS client requests (via HTTP GET command) a message + about which it has been notified, it sends its profile URL (such as + http://nds.nokia.com/uaprof/N3650r100.xml + for the Nokia 3650) as part + of the HTTP request headers. The gateway should fetch the URL presented and + parse it to figure out the client's capabilities (so-called User Agent + Profile). It would be inefficient to fetch the profile data each time from + an external server, therefore the gateway caches fetched profile data in the + directory specified here. Cache entries are never expired (which is unlikely + to be a problem). Some badly behaved MMS clients to do not submit a profile + URL. In this case, the gateway relies on the HTTP + Accept request headers to determine its + capabilities. +    
+ billing-library +     + String +     + Optional + library containing billing and CDR functions. This library is loaded at + runtime and should contain functions to be called to effect billing and CDR + generation. See mms_billing.h for details. +    
+ billing-module-parameters +     + String +     + Parameters to + pass to the billing module specified above when it is loaded. This is a + generic string whose interpretation is entirely up to the module. +    
+ resolver-library +     + String +     + Optional + library containing functions for resolving recipient MSISDN to hostname + of Proxy-Relay that should handle the message. Supplying this libary + over-rides the local-prefixes setting given above. If the + Proxy-Relay hostname returned by the module is the hostname of the + local MMSC, then the recipient is considered local. See + mms_resolve.h for details. +    
+ resolver-module-parameters +     + String +     + Parameters to + pass to the Resolver module specified above when it is loaded. This is a + generic string whose interpretation is entirely up to the module. +    
+ detokenizer-library +     + String +     + Optional + library containing functions for finding MSISDN from request URL + sent by client. The last part of URL is treated as a string that is + interpreted by the library and transformed into an MSISDN. This libary + is only a fall-back in case the default sender address resolution + fails. See + mms_detokenize.h for details. +    
+ detokenizer-module-parameters +     + String +     + Parameters to + pass to the De-tokenizer module specified above when it is loaded. This is a + generic string whose interpretation is entirely up to the module. +    
+ prov-server-notify-script +     + String +     + Subscriber + database interface script 1: This script will be called by the gateway to + notify the subscriber database of per-subscriber events such as when a + subscriber sends a message, successfully fetches a message, etc. This script + is called with 2-3 arguments. Argument 1 is one of fetched, sent, + failedfetch; argument 2 is the subscriber MSISDN; argument 3, in case of a + failed fetch provides a description of the error (e.g. message expired). +    
+ prov-server-sub-status-script +     + string +     + Subscriber + database interface script 2: This script is called + by mmsmobilesender to determine whether the recipient's + device supports MMS. The script should exit with a value of 0 to indicate + that the device does not support receipt of MMS notifications; 1 to indicate + that the device supports MMS; -1 if the subscriber is not known or not + provisioned for MMS. The return value determines how + mmsmobilesender will deliver the message (see below). +    
+ notify-unprovisioned +     + Boolean +     + Whether + subscribers who are not provisioned for MMS should receive any notifications + (e.g. SMS) when an MMS message is received for them. +    
+ mms-notify-text +     + String +     + Message to send + to device that does not support MMS, when a message is received for the user. + This message is sent as plain SMS via the Send SMS URL specified above. +    
+ mms-notify-unprovisioned-text +     + String +     + Message to send + to devices that are not provisioned for MMS (only if + notify-unprovisioned is true). +    
+ mms-message-too-large-txt +     + String +     + If a device + tries to fetch a message, which during content adaptation is determined to be + too large for the target device (based on capabilities data supplied by the + device), the message is discarded, this text is sent to the device instead as + part of an MMS message. +    
+ mms-to-email-html +     + string +     + When an MM is + destined for email, we must format it to make it more suitable for email + readers. (For instance, the SMIL part of the MM will make no sense to most email + readers.) The gateway formats + the message as follows: It generates a multi-part MIME message with the main + part being an HTML entity in which MM parts are embedded. The text given here + is tagged at the bottom of the HTML. +    
+ mms-to-email-txt +     + String +     + This string is + placed in the MMS converted to email as an alternative to the HTML part, for + email clients that do not support HTML. +    
+
+ +

Foreign MMS +Gateways are configured using one or more mmsproxy groups:

+ +
+ +group = +mmsproxy
+ +name = +"A test mms proxy"
+ +host = +test.com
+ +allowed-prefix += "075"
+ +denied-prefix += "077"
+ +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ Variable + + Type + + Description +
+ group + + + String + + Mandatory: + mmsproxy +
+ name + + String + + User friendly + name +
+ host + + String + + Fully qualified + domain name +
+ allowed-prefix + + Number list + + List of + recipient number prefixes that can be delivered via this Proxy +
+ denied-prefix + + Number list + + List of + recipient number prefixes that cannot be delivered via this proxy +
+ +

+When an MM destined to an MSISDN cannot be delivered locally, the +gateway searches the list of Proxies to see if one of them can handle +the message. If one is found, the message is formatted as MIME and +sent via SMTP to the proxy. +

+ +

Chapter 4: Gateway Architecture

+ +

+ In this section we provide an overview of the gateway architecture. + +
+
+As indicated, there are four components to the gateway: The Global +Sender (mmsglobalsender), Mobile Sender (mmsmobilesender), Proxy +(mmsproxy) and SMTP/Email Interface (mmsfromemail). We describe the +function of each of these in turn. +

+ +

MMS Proxy

+ +

+ +This component (mmsproxy) is the main point of interaction between the +gateway and MMS clients. It provides an HTTP interface through which +clients can send MMS messages. The message types expected on this +interface are typically: +

    +
  • Send Request: Used by client to submit an MM to the +gateway. When received, the message is placed in the global queue. If +the client has requested that a copy by saved to the MMbox, this is done. +
  • Forward Request: Used by the client to request the MM to +forward an MM. In this case the MM is resident on the gateway +(e.g. pending fetch by client) and is identified by its URL. The +message is retrieved and placed in the global queue for processing. If +a request to place a copy in the MMbox is indicated, this is done. +
  • Notify Response: Is sent by client as a response to an MM +notification via Wap Push. This message indicates status information +such as whether the client wishes to defer fetching of the message, +etc. If the notification indicates that the message has been fetched, +the message is removed from the queue. If the notification indicates +that retrieval has been deferred, the message is marked so that no +further notifications are sent to the client about this message. +
  • Read receipt: If requested by the sender, a read receipt can +be forwarded via this interface. This is queued for delivery to the +recipient +
  • MMbox Upload/Delete/Search: Upload and deletion to/from the user +MMbox are supported. +
  • MMbox search: A message search request when received is +processed. The proxy takes care to return only as much data as the +client can handle (as indicated by UA profile). +
+All the above messages are sent to the proxy as the body of an HTTP POST request. +Messages are retrieved by supplying the message URL in an HTTP GET +request. When such a request is received, the proxy: + +

+Currently, no MMbox quotas are imposed. +

+
    + +
  1. Locates the message: From the URL, the proxy can tell if this +is a message in the MMbox or in the in the queue for client-destined messages. +
  2. Extracts the User Agent profile URL from the (HTTP) request +headers. If that is missing, the profile information is built out of +the HTTP Accept headers. The profile URL is passed to the content +adaptation module, which performs various modifications to the MM such +as: +
      +
    • Converting images in the MM to a format supported by the client +
    • Scaling images to fit the screen size of the client +
    • Converting audio in the MM to a format supported by the client +
    • Converting text to a supported character set +
    • Removing unsupported content from the MM +
    +
  3. The message is then packed and returned to the client as the +result of the HTTP request. + +
+This component must always be running. + + +

+ +

MMS Mobile Sender

+ +

+ +This component handles +

    +
  1. Notification of MMS clients of received message via WAP Push +
  2. Delivery of other notifications such as delivery and read +reports to MMS clients via WAP Push +
+SMS is used as the transport for WAP Push messages, if the recipient +is an MSISDN, otherwise TCP/IP is used. +
+The mobile sender maintains a queue of messages pending delivery. At +set intervals (see configuration section), it sends notifications to +the recipients. It keeps sending notifications until the message is +fetched or the client indicates that it wishes to defer message +retrieval. A back-off mechanism is utilised to prevent flooding of +notifications. + A message will be removed from the queue if: +
    +
  • It expires, either due to expiry period set within the message +being reached or system wide expiry time is reached. (The sender is +notified of expiry if they requested a delivery report) +
  • If the recipient retrieves the message +
+ +

+ +

+

MMS Global Sender

+This is the master message switch. It consists largely of a queue +runner that monitors the global queue. For each message that arrives +in the queue, the global sender: +
    +
  1. Determines if the message is due for delivery attempt. An +attempt is made to deliver the message as soon as it is received, with +exponential back-off in case of failure. +
  2. At the first delivery attempt, a call is made to the billing +module to effect billing and CDR generation. If the billing module +indicates that the sender does not have sufficient credit, the message +is discarded and the sender notified via delivery report. +
  3. If the message is due for delivery attempt, the global sender +determines, for each recipient, how to deliver the message: +
      +
    1. If the message is destined for a local MMS client, the message +is transferred to the mobile sender queue. A copy of the message is +sent (as MIME) to the MMBox host (if one is configured) +
    2. If the message is destined for an email user, the message is +re-formatted as MIME, sender and recipient addresses normalised as RFC +822 addresses, and the message passed to the mailer. +
    3. If the message is destined for a foreign gateway, it is coded +as MIME and passed to the mailer for delivery via SMTP +
    4. If the message cannot be delivered, the sender is notified. +
    +
+
+A word about queue management: A simple queue management scheme is +used. Each queue entry consists of two files: The 'q' file (which is +plain text) contains the entry control data +(list of recipients, next delivery attempt time, etc), the 'd' file +contains the message data. This scheme is similar to that used by +popular MTAs. Queue processors mostly operate on the 'q' file, and +use file locking to guard against duplicate delivery, file corruption, +etc. +
+See mms_queue.h for details. + +

+ +

+

SMTP/Mail Interface

+ +The SMTP/Mail interface receives MMS from the MTA and routes them +depending on recipient or sending proxy. Specifically: +
    +
  1. If the +message is a send request, it is queued to the global queue for +delivery as long as the recipient is permitted via the interface (see +configs) +
  2. If the message is a notification (e.g. delivery +report), the interface carries out the necessary action +(e.g. forwarding of receipt or deletion of message from local +queue) +
+
+Note that no IP-based security is provided at this +interface. It is expected that security measures (e.g. firewalls, etc) +will have been setup to ensure that messages can only reach the MTA +and be handed over to this interface if they are legitimate. +

+ +

+

Utilities

+ + We plan to add a number of utilities to the gateway. The first of + these is mmssend. +
+
+mmsssend can be used to submit (inject) a message into the + global queue. It should be invoked as follows:
+ + +mmssend -f from_address -t recipient_list -m +mmsfile [-b] -- conf_file + +
+Notes: +
    +
  • the recipient list can be a colon-separated list of multiple +recipients +
  • The MMS file may be binary coded, or MIME. The utility tries to +guess which by inspecting the first byte of the file. +
  • From/To addresses are only used for delivery purposes (so internal +message headers may not be updated +
  • The -b flag, if specified, causes a copy of the message +to be saved in the recipients MMbox. (No check is made to confirm that +recipient is local!) +
+The message is placed in he global queue with expiry set to the system +maximum, and the queue entry ID is printed to standard output. +

+

+

Chapter 5: Tips & Tricks

+ + This section is a compilation of tips and tricks on making Mbuni work + better for you + +

Passing MSISDNs to Mbuni

+ As indicated earlier, Mbuni expects the MSISDN to be sent to it as a + special HTTP request header. There are however times when it is + either not possible, or not practical to insert the header into the + MMS request. For such cases, Mbuni provides another way to specify + the sender MSISDN: The last part of the URL passed in the HTTP + transaction is passed to the De-tokenizer module (if specified), + which should return an MSISDN. So for instance + you can configure a clients to use a URL like http://mmsc/xYz12R2 + + as the MMSC address, and Mbuni will pass xYz12R2 to the + de-tokenizer module, which must return the sender + MSISDN. Mbuni will only do this it has failed to find the MISDN request header. +
+ If no MSISDN is found, Mbuni assumes that the MMS client is + identified by IP address, and attempts to look up the IP address of + the sender (see config section) and use that as the sender + address. You can block this by specifying allow-ip-type = false +
+
+ Note that because of the above feature, you need to configure your + WAP gateway and Mbuni IP security to ensure the system is not easily + spoofed. +

+ +

Sample Kannel WAP configuration

+

+We provide a sample Kannel wapbox config below, with some explanation +
+ +group = wapbox
+bearerbox-host = localhost
+log-file = "/tmp/wapbox.log"
+syslog-level = none
+access-log = "/tmp/wapaccess.log"
+timer-freq = 10
+map-url = "http://mmsc/* http://localhost:1981/*"
+ +
+This is a live example that was used in tests. In the example we use: +

    +
  • wapbox URL mapping to convert incoming MMS request URLs +into the long form. Note that the MMS gateway always sends short form +URLs so you need something like this +
  • We increase the timer-freq (essentially +slowing the timer) because over +slow bearer (such as CSD), the WAP gateway tends timeout on large +messages. Not sure if it is wise to do this. Although clearly whoever put this parameter in the config file expected it to be used! +
+ +

+ +

Chapter 6: Log Files

+ +The gateway writes a log file of important actions to the log file +configured. Message traffic is written to the access log in a standard +format. +
+
+ + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file