diff --git a/addons/account/account.py b/addons/account/account.py
index 1d3b9b0dc4d..329ae2579e2 100644
--- a/addons/account/account.py
+++ b/addons/account/account.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from osv import fields, osv
 import decimal_precision as dp
 from tools.translate import _
 
-def check_cycle(self, cr, uid, ids):
+def check_cycle(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
     """ climbs the ``self._table.parent_id`` chains for 100 levels or
     until it can't find any more parent(s)
 
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class account_payment_term_line(osv.osv):
     _order = "sequence"
 
     def _check_percent(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        obj = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0])
+        obj = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
         if obj.value == 'procent' and ( obj.value_amount < 0.0 or obj.value_amount > 1.0):
             return False
         return True
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ class account_account(osv.osv):
                 if not args[pos][2]:
                     del args[pos]
                     continue
-                jour = self.pool.get('account.journal').browse(cr, uid, args[pos][2])
+                jour = self.pool.get('account.journal').browse(cr, uid, args[pos][2], context=context)
                 if (not (jour.account_control_ids or jour.type_control_ids)) or not args[pos][2]:
                     args[pos] = ('type','not in',('consolidation','view'))
                     continue
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ class account_account(osv.osv):
         if context and context.has_key('consolidate_childs'): #add consolidated childs of accounts
             ids = super(account_account, self).search(cr, uid, args, offset, limit,
                 order, context=context, count=count)
-            for consolidate_child in self.browse(cr, uid, context['account_id']).child_consol_ids:
+            for consolidate_child in self.browse(cr, uid, context['account_id'], context=context).child_consol_ids:
                 ids.append(consolidate_child.id)
             return ids
 
@@ -215,8 +215,6 @@ class account_account(osv.osv):
                 order, context=context, count=count)
 
     def _get_children_and_consol(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         #this function search for all the children and all consolidated children (recursively) of the given account ids
         ids2 = self.search(cr, uid, [('parent_id', 'child_of', ids)], context=context)
         ids3 = []
@@ -309,15 +307,15 @@ class account_account(osv.osv):
                 res[id] = sums.get(id, null_result)
             return res
 
-    def _get_company_currency(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context={}):
+    def _get_company_currency(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         result = {}
-        for rec in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for rec in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             result[rec.id] = (rec.company_id.currency_id.id,rec.company_id.currency_id.symbol)
         return result
 
-    def _get_child_ids(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context={}):
+    def _get_child_ids(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         result = {}
-        for record in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for record in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if record.child_parent_ids:
                 result[record.id] = [x.id for x in record.child_parent_ids]
             else:
@@ -330,9 +328,9 @@ class account_account(osv.osv):
 
         return result
 
-    def _get_level(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context={}):
+    def _get_level(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         res={}
-        accounts = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+        accounts = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         for account in accounts:
             level = 0
             if account.parent_id:
@@ -396,8 +394,8 @@ class account_account(osv.osv):
         'company_id': lambda s,cr,uid,c: s.pool.get('res.company')._company_default_get(cr, uid, 'account.account', context=c),
     }
 
-    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids):
-        obj_self = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0])
+    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        obj_self = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
         p_id = obj_self.parent_id and obj_self.parent_id.id
         if (obj_self in obj_self.child_consol_ids) or (p_id and (p_id is obj_self.id)):
             return False
@@ -426,14 +424,12 @@ class account_account(osv.osv):
     def name_search(self, cr, user, name, args=None, operator='ilike', context=None, limit=100):
         if not args:
             args = []
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         args = args[:]
         ids = []
         try:
             if name and str(name).startswith('partner:'):
                 part_id = int(name.split(':')[1])
-                part = self.pool.get('res.partner').browse(cr, user, part_id, context)
+                part = self.pool.get('res.partner').browse(cr, user, part_id, context=context)
                 args += [('id', 'in', (part.property_account_payable.id, part.property_account_receivable.id))]
                 name = False
             if name and str(name).startswith('type:'):
@@ -685,7 +681,7 @@ class account_journal(osv.osv):
 
         @return: Returns a list of tupples containing id, name
         """
-        result = self.browse(cr, user, ids, context)
+        result = self.browse(cr, user, ids, context=context)
         res = []
         for rs in result:
             name = rs.name
@@ -733,7 +729,7 @@ class account_journal(osv.osv):
             view_id = 'account_journal_bank_view_multi'
 
         data_id = obj_data.search(cr, uid, [('model','=','account.journal.view'), ('name','=',view_id)])
-        data = obj_data.browse(cr, uid, data_id[0])
+        data = obj_data.browse(cr, uid, data_id[0], context=context)
 
         res.update({
             'centralisation':type == 'situation',
@@ -778,8 +774,8 @@ class account_fiscalyear(osv.osv):
                     return False
         return True
 
-    def _check_duration(self,cr,uid,ids):
-        obj_fy = self.browse(cr,uid,ids[0])
+    def _check_duration(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        obj_fy = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
         if obj_fy.date_stop < obj_fy.date_start:
             return False
         return True
@@ -789,11 +785,11 @@ class account_fiscalyear(osv.osv):
         (_check_fiscal_year, 'Error! You cannot define overlapping fiscal years',['date_start', 'date_stop'])
     ]
 
-    def create_period3(self,cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def create_period3(self,cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         return self.create_period(cr, uid, ids, context, 3)
 
-    def create_period(self,cr, uid, ids, context={}, interval=1):
-        for fy in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def create_period(self,cr, uid, ids, context=None, interval=1):
+        for fy in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             ds = datetime.strptime(fy.date_start, '%Y-%m-%d')
             while ds.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')<fy.date_stop:
                 de = ds + relativedelta(months=interval, days=-1)
@@ -811,7 +807,7 @@ class account_fiscalyear(osv.osv):
                 ds = ds + relativedelta(months=interval)
         return True
 
-    def find(self, cr, uid, dt=None, exception=True, context={}):
+    def find(self, cr, uid, dt=None, exception=True, context=None):
         if not dt:
             dt = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
         ids = self.search(cr, uid, [('date_start', '<=', dt), ('date_stop', '>=', dt)])
@@ -856,14 +852,14 @@ class account_period(osv.osv):
     }
     _order = "date_start"
 
-    def _check_duration(self,cr,uid,ids,context={}):
-        obj_period=self.browse(cr,uid,ids[0])
+    def _check_duration(self,cr,uid,ids,context=None):
+        obj_period = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
         if obj_period.date_stop < obj_period.date_start:
             return False
         return True
 
-    def _check_year_limit(self,cr,uid,ids,context={}):
-        for obj_period in self.browse(cr,uid,ids):
+    def _check_year_limit(self,cr,uid,ids,context=None):
+        for obj_period in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if obj_period.special:
                 continue
 
@@ -884,13 +880,13 @@ class account_period(osv.osv):
         (_check_year_limit, 'Invalid period ! Some periods overlap or the date period is not in the scope of the fiscal year. ', ['date_stop'])
     ]
 
-    def next(self, cr, uid, period, step, context={}):
+    def next(self, cr, uid, period, step, context=None):
         ids = self.search(cr, uid, [('date_start','>',period.date_start)])
         if len(ids)>=step:
             return ids[step-1]
         return False
 
-    def find(self, cr, uid, dt=None, context={}):
+    def find(self, cr, uid, dt=None, context=None):
         if not dt:
             dt = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
 #CHECKME: shouldn't we check the state of the period?
@@ -906,7 +902,7 @@ class account_period(osv.osv):
             cr.execute('update account_period set state=%s where id=%s', (mode, id))
         return True
 
-    def name_search(self, cr, user, name, args=None, operator='ilike', context={}, limit=80):
+    def name_search(self, cr, user, name, args=None, operator='ilike', context=None, limit=100):
         if args is None:
             args = []
         if context is None:
@@ -918,7 +914,7 @@ class account_period(osv.osv):
             ids = self.search(cr, user, [('name',operator,name)]+ args, limit=limit)
         return self.name_get(cr, user, ids, context=context)
 
-    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context={}):
+    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None):
         if 'company_id' in vals:
             move_lines = self.pool.get('account.move.line').search(cr, uid, [('period_id', 'in', ids)])
             if move_lines:
@@ -944,7 +940,7 @@ class account_journal_period(osv.osv):
     _name = "account.journal.period"
     _description = "Journal Period"
 
-    def _icon_get(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg=None, context={}):
+    def _icon_get(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg=None, context=None):
         result = {}.fromkeys(ids, 'STOCK_NEW')
         for r in self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['state']):
             result[r['id']] = {
@@ -966,28 +962,28 @@ class account_journal_period(osv.osv):
         'company_id': fields.related('journal_id', 'company_id', type='many2one', relation='res.company', string='Company')
     }
 
-    def _check(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
-        for obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def _check(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        for obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             cr.execute('select * from account_move_line where journal_id=%s and period_id=%s limit 1', (obj.journal_id.id, obj.period_id.id))
             res = cr.fetchall()
             if res:
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Error !'), _('You can not modify/delete a journal with entries for this period !'))
         return True
 
-    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context={}):
-        self._check(cr, uid, ids, context)
-        return super(account_journal_period, self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context)
+    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None):
+        self._check(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
+        return super(account_journal_period, self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context=context)
 
-    def create(self, cr, uid, vals, context={}):
+    def create(self, cr, uid, vals, context=None):
         period_id=vals.get('period_id',False)
         if period_id:
-            period = self.pool.get('account.period').browse(cr, uid,period_id)
+            period = self.pool.get('account.period').browse(cr, uid, period_id, context=context)
             vals['state']=period.state
         return super(account_journal_period, self).create(cr, uid, vals, context)
 
-    def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
-        self._check(cr, uid, ids, context)
-        return super(account_journal_period, self).unlink(cr, uid, ids, context)
+    def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        self._check(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
+        return super(account_journal_period, self).unlink(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
 
     _defaults = {
         'state': 'draft',
@@ -1038,8 +1034,6 @@ class account_move(osv.osv):
 
         if not args:
           args = []
-        if not context:
-          context = {}
         ids = []
         if name:
             ids += self.search(cr, user, [('name','ilike',name)]+args, limit=limit, context=context)
@@ -1058,7 +1052,7 @@ class account_move(osv.osv):
         if not ids:
             return []
         res = []
-        data_move = self.pool.get('account.move').browse(cursor,user,ids)
+        data_move = self.pool.get('account.move').browse(cursor, user, ids, context=context)
         for move in data_move:
             if move.state=='draft':
                 name = '*' + str(move.id)
@@ -1067,7 +1061,7 @@ class account_move(osv.osv):
             res.append((move.id, name))
         return res
 
-    def _get_period(self, cr, uid, context):
+    def _get_period(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         periods = self.pool.get('account.period').find(cr, uid)
         if periods:
             return periods[0]
@@ -1128,8 +1122,8 @@ class account_move(osv.osv):
         'company_id': lambda self,cr,uid,c: self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, c).company_id.id,
     }
 
-    def _check_centralisation(self, cursor, user, ids):
-        for move in self.browse(cursor, user, ids):
+    def _check_centralisation(self, cursor, user, ids, context=None):
+        for move in self.browse(cursor, user, ids, context=context):
             if move.journal_id.centralisation:
                 move_ids = self.search(cursor, user, [
                     ('period_id', '=', move.period_id.id),
@@ -1139,8 +1133,8 @@ class account_move(osv.osv):
                     return False
         return True
 
-    def _check_period_journal(self, cursor, user, ids):
-        for move in self.browse(cursor, user, ids):
+    def _check_period_journal(self, cursor, user, ids, context=None):
+        for move in self.browse(cursor, user, ids, context=context):
             for line in move.line_id:
                 if line.period_id.id != move.period_id.id:
                     return False
@@ -1166,7 +1160,7 @@ class account_move(osv.osv):
         if not valid_moves:
             raise osv.except_osv(_('Integrity Error !'), _('You cannot validate a non-balanced entry !\nMake sure you have configured Payment Term properly !\nIt should contain atleast one Payment Term Line with type "Balance" !'))
         obj_sequence = self.pool.get('ir.sequence')
-        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, valid_moves):
+        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, valid_moves, context=context):
             if move.name =='/':
                 new_name = False
                 journal = move.journal_id
@@ -1191,7 +1185,7 @@ class account_move(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def button_validate(self, cursor, user, ids, context=None):
-        for move in self.browse(cursor, user, ids):
+        for move in self.browse(cursor, user, ids, context=context):
             top = None
             for line in move.line_id:
                 account = line.account_id
@@ -1204,8 +1198,8 @@ class account_move(osv.osv):
                     raise osv.except_osv(_('Error !'), _('You cannot validate a Journal Entry unless all journal items are in same chart of accounts !'))
         return self.post(cursor, user, ids, context=context)
 
-    def button_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def button_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not line.journal_id.update_posted:
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Error !'), _('You can not modify a posted entry of this journal !\nYou should set the journal to allow cancelling entries if you want to do that.'))
         if ids:
@@ -1214,18 +1208,21 @@ class account_move(osv.osv):
                        'WHERE id IN %s', ('draft', tuple(ids),))
         return True
 
-    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context={}):
+    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         c = context.copy()
         c['novalidate'] = True
         result = super(osv.osv, self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, c)
-        self.validate(cr, uid, ids, context)
+        self.validate(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         return result
 
     #
     # TODO: Check if period is closed !
     #
     def create(self, cr, uid, vals, context=None):
-        context = context or {}
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         if 'line_id' in vals and context.get('copy'):
             for l in vals['line_id']:
                 if not l[0]:
@@ -1265,8 +1262,9 @@ class account_move(osv.osv):
             result = super(account_move, self).create(cr, uid, vals, context)
         return result
 
-    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default={}, context={}):
-        context = context or {}
+    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default={}, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         default.update({
             'state':'draft',
             'name':'/',
@@ -1277,10 +1275,9 @@ class account_move(osv.osv):
         return super(account_move, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context)
 
     def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None, check=True):
-        context = context or {}
         toremove = []
         obj_move_line = self.pool.get('account.move.line')
-        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if move['state'] != 'draft':
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('UserError'),
                         _('You can not delete posted movement: "%s"!') % \
@@ -1294,8 +1291,8 @@ class account_move(osv.osv):
         result = super(account_move, self).unlink(cr, uid, toremove, context)
         return result
 
-    def _compute_balance(self, cr, uid, id, context={}):
-        move = self.browse(cr, uid, [id])[0]
+    def _compute_balance(self, cr, uid, id, context=None):
+        move = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context=context)
         amount = 0
         for line in move.line_id:
             amount+= (line.debit - line.credit)
@@ -1358,7 +1355,7 @@ class account_move(osv.osv):
     #
     # Validate a balanced move. If it is a centralised journal, create a move.
     #
-    def validate(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def validate(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         if context and ('__last_update' in context):
             del context['__last_update']
 
@@ -1472,9 +1469,9 @@ class account_move_reconcile(osv.osv):
     _defaults = {
         'name': lambda self,cr,uid,ctx={}: self.pool.get('ir.sequence').get(cr, uid, 'account.reconcile') or '/',
     }
-    def reconcile_partial_check(self, cr, uid, ids, type='auto', context={}):
+    def reconcile_partial_check(self, cr, uid, ids, type='auto', context=None):
         total = 0.0
-        for rec in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for rec in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for line in rec.line_partial_ids:
                 total += (line.debit or 0.0) - (line.credit or 0.0)
         if not total:
@@ -1488,7 +1485,7 @@ class account_move_reconcile(osv.osv):
         if not ids:
             return []
         result = []
-        for r in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for r in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             total = reduce(lambda y,t: (t.debit or 0.0) - (t.credit or 0.0) + y, r.line_partial_ids, 0.0)
             if total:
                 name = '%s (%.2f)' % (r.name, total)
@@ -1537,7 +1534,7 @@ class account_tax_code(osv.osv):
                        (parent_ids,) + where_params)
         res=dict(cr.fetchall())
         obj_precision = self.pool.get('decimal.precision')
-        for record in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for record in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             def _rec_get(record):
                 amount = res.get(record.id, 0.0)
                 for rec in record.child_ids:
@@ -1619,7 +1616,7 @@ class account_tax_code(osv.osv):
         return [(x['id'], (x['code'] and (x['code'] + ' - ') or '') + x['name']) \
                 for x in reads]
 
-    def _default_company(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _default_company(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         user = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context)
         if user.company_id:
             return user.company_id.id
@@ -1723,7 +1720,7 @@ class account_tax(osv.osv):
         """
         if not args:
             args = []
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         ids = []
         if name:
@@ -2062,7 +2059,7 @@ class account_model(osv.osv):
             raise osv.except_osv(_('No period found !'), _('Unable to find a valid period !'))
         period_id = period_id[0]
 
-        for model in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for model in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             entry['name'] = model.name%{'year':time.strftime('%Y'), 'month':time.strftime('%m'), 'date':time.strftime('%Y-%m')}
             move_id = account_move_obj.create(cr, uid, {
                 'ref': entry['name'],
@@ -2168,13 +2165,13 @@ class account_subscription(osv.osv):
         'period_nbr': 1,
         'state': 'draft',
     }
-    def state_draft(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def state_draft(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'draft'})
         return False
 
-    def check(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def check(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         todone = []
-        for sub in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for sub in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             ok = True
             for line in sub.lines_id:
                 if not line.move_id.id:
@@ -2186,9 +2183,9 @@ class account_subscription(osv.osv):
             self.write(cr, uid, todone, {'state':'done'})
         return False
 
-    def remove_line(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def remove_line(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         toremove = []
-        for sub in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for sub in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for line in sub.lines_id:
                 if not line.move_id.id:
                     toremove.append(line.id)
@@ -2197,8 +2194,8 @@ class account_subscription(osv.osv):
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'draft'})
         return False
 
-    def compute(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
-        for sub in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def compute(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        for sub in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             ds = sub.date_start
             for i in range(sub.period_total):
                 self.pool.get('account.subscription.line').create(cr, uid, {
@@ -2296,10 +2293,10 @@ class account_account_template(osv.osv):
     ]
 
 
-    def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         if not ids:
             return []
-        reads = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name','code'], context)
+        reads = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name','code'], context=context)
         res = []
         for record in reads:
             name = record['name']
@@ -2316,7 +2313,7 @@ class account_add_tmpl_wizard(osv.osv_memory):
     With the 'nocreate' option, some accounts may not be created. Use this to add them later."""
     _name = 'account.addtmpl.wizard'
 
-    def _get_def_cparent(self, cr, uid, context):
+    def _get_def_cparent(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         acc_obj=self.pool.get('account.account')
         tmpl_obj=self.pool.get('account.account.template')
         tids=tmpl_obj.read(cr, uid, [context['tmpl_ids']], ['parent_id'])
@@ -2338,6 +2335,8 @@ class account_add_tmpl_wizard(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
     def action_create(self,cr,uid,ids,context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         acc_obj = self.pool.get('account.account')
         tmpl_obj = self.pool.get('account.account.template')
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids)
@@ -2463,16 +2462,16 @@ class account_tax_template(osv.osv):
         'price_include': fields.boolean('Tax Included in Price', help="Check this if the price you use on the product and invoices includes this tax."),
     }
 
-    def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         if not ids:
             return []
         res = []
-        for record in self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['description','name'], context):
+        for record in self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['description','name'], context=context):
             name = record['description'] and record['description'] or record['name']
             res.append((record['id'],name ))
         return res
 
-    def _default_company(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _default_company(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         user = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context)
         if user.company_id:
             return user.company_id.id
@@ -2579,7 +2578,7 @@ class wizard_multi_charts_accounts(osv.osv_memory):
             res['value']["purchase_tax"] = purchase_tax_ids and purchase_tax_ids[0] or False
         return res
 
-    def _get_chart(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_chart(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         ids = self.pool.get('account.chart.template').search(cr, uid, [], context=context)
         if ids:
             return ids[0]
@@ -2625,7 +2624,7 @@ class wizard_multi_charts_accounts(osv.osv_memory):
         #create all the tax code
         children_tax_code_template = self.pool.get('account.tax.code.template').search(cr, uid, [('parent_id','child_of',[tax_code_root_id])], order='id')
         children_tax_code_template.sort()
-        for tax_code_template in self.pool.get('account.tax.code.template').browse(cr, uid, children_tax_code_template):
+        for tax_code_template in self.pool.get('account.tax.code.template').browse(cr, uid, children_tax_code_template, context=context):
             vals={
                 'name': (tax_code_root_id == tax_code_template.id) and obj_multi.company_id.name or tax_code_template.name,
                 'code': tax_code_template.code,
@@ -2682,7 +2681,7 @@ class wizard_multi_charts_accounts(osv.osv_memory):
 
         children_acc_template = obj_acc_template.search(cr, uid, [('parent_id','child_of',[obj_acc_root.id]),('nocreate','!=',True)])
         children_acc_template.sort()
-        for account_template in obj_acc_template.browse(cr, uid, children_acc_template):
+        for account_template in obj_acc_template.browse(cr, uid, children_acc_template,context=context):
             tax_ids = []
             for tax in account_template.tax_ids:
                 tax_ids.append(tax_template_ref[tax.id])
@@ -2722,7 +2721,7 @@ class wizard_multi_charts_accounts(osv.osv_memory):
         # Creating Journals Sales and Purchase
         vals_journal={}
         data_id = obj_data.search(cr, uid, [('model','=','account.journal.view'), ('name','=','account_sp_journal_view')])
-        data = obj_data.browse(cr, uid, data_id[0])
+        data = obj_data.browse(cr, uid, data_id[0], context=context)
         view_id = data.res_id
 
         seq_id = obj_sequence.search(cr, uid, [('name','=','Account Journal')])[0]
@@ -2835,11 +2834,11 @@ class wizard_multi_charts_accounts(osv.osv_memory):
 
         # Bank Journals
         data_id = obj_data.search(cr, uid, [('model','=','account.journal.view'), ('name','=','account_journal_bank_view')])
-        data = obj_data.browse(cr, uid, data_id[0])
+        data = obj_data.browse(cr, uid, data_id[0], context=context)
         view_id_cash = data.res_id
 
         data_id = obj_data.search(cr, uid, [('model','=','account.journal.view'), ('name','=','account_journal_bank_view_multi')])
-        data = obj_data.browse(cr, uid, data_id[0])
+        data = obj_data.browse(cr, uid, data_id[0], context=context)
         view_id_cur = data.res_id
         ref_acc_bank = obj_multi.chart_template_id.bank_account_view_id
 
@@ -2932,7 +2931,7 @@ class wizard_multi_charts_accounts(osv.osv_memory):
             obj_tax_fp = self.pool.get('account.fiscal.position.tax')
             obj_ac_fp = self.pool.get('account.fiscal.position.account')
 
-            for position in obj_fiscal_position_template.browse(cr, uid, fp_ids):
+            for position in obj_fiscal_position_template.browse(cr, uid, fp_ids, context=context):
 
                 vals_fp = {
                     'company_id': company_id,
diff --git a/addons/account/account_analytic_line.py b/addons/account/account_analytic_line.py
index 329eb59ab05..a8d8044a6c2 100644
--- a/addons/account/account_analytic_line.py
+++ b/addons/account/account_analytic_line.py
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ class account_analytic_line(osv.osv):
         return super(account_analytic_line, self).search(cr, uid, args, offset, limit,
                 order, context=context, count=count)
 
-    def _check_company(self, cr, uid, ids):
-        lines = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+    def _check_company(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        lines = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         for l in lines:
             if l.move_id and not l.account_id.company_id.id == l.move_id.account_id.company_id.id:
                 return False
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class account_analytic_line(osv.osv):
         analytic_journal_obj =self.pool.get('account.analytic.journal')
         product_price_type_obj = self.pool.get('product.price.type')
         j_id = analytic_journal_obj.browse(cr, uid, journal_id, context=context)
-        prod = product_obj.browse(cr, uid, prod_id)
+        prod = product_obj.browse(cr, uid, prod_id, context=context)
         result = 0.0
 
         if j_id.type <> 'sale':
@@ -105,13 +105,13 @@ class account_analytic_line(osv.osv):
         flag = False
         # Compute based on pricetype
         product_price_type_ids = product_price_type_obj.search(cr, uid, [('field','=','standard_price')], context=context)
-        pricetype = product_price_type_obj.browse(cr, uid, product_price_type_ids, context)[0]
+        pricetype = product_price_type_obj.browse(cr, uid, product_price_type_ids, context=context)[0]
         if journal_id:
-            journal = analytic_journal_obj.browse(cr, uid, journal_id)
+            journal = analytic_journal_obj.browse(cr, uid, journal_id, context=context)
             if journal.type == 'sale':
                 product_price_type_ids = product_price_type_obj.search(cr, uid, [('field','=','list_price')], context)
                 if product_price_type_ids:
-                    pricetype = product_price_type_obj.browse(cr, uid, product_price_type_ids, context)[0]
+                    pricetype = product_price_type_obj.browse(cr, uid, product_price_type_ids, context=context)[0]
         # Take the company currency as the reference one
         if pricetype.field == 'list_price':
             flag = True
@@ -133,7 +133,9 @@ class account_analytic_line(osv.osv):
             }
         }
 
-    def view_header_get(self, cr, user, view_id, view_type, context):
+    def view_header_get(self, cr, user, view_id, view_type, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         if context.get('account_id', False):
             # account_id in context may also be pointing to an account.account.id
             cr.execute('select name from account_analytic_account where id=%s', (context['account_id'],))
diff --git a/addons/account/account_bank_statement.py b/addons/account/account_bank_statement.py
index 93d2a6fb00d..ab2f72e92dd 100644
--- a/addons/account/account_bank_statement.py
+++ b/addons/account/account_bank_statement.py
@@ -46,7 +46,9 @@ class account_bank_statement(osv.osv):
                 account_bank_statement_line_obj.write(cr, uid, [line.id], {'sequence': seq}, context=context)
         return res
 
-    def _default_journal_id(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _default_journal_id(self, cr, uid, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         journal_pool = self.pool.get('account.journal')
         journal_type = context.get('journal_type', False)
         journal_id = False
@@ -56,11 +58,11 @@ class account_bank_statement(osv.osv):
                 journal_id = ids[0]
         return journal_id
 
-    def _default_balance_start(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _default_balance_start(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         cr.execute('select id from account_bank_statement where journal_id=%s order by date desc limit 1', (1,))
         res = cr.fetchone()
         if res:
-            return self.browse(cr, uid, [res[0]], context)[0].balance_end
+            return self.browse(cr, uid, res[0], context=context).balance_end
         return 0.0
 
     def _end_balance(self, cursor, user, ids, name, attr, context=None):
@@ -95,7 +97,7 @@ class account_bank_statement(osv.osv):
             res[r] = round(res[r], 2)
         return res
 
-    def _get_period(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_period(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         periods = self.pool.get('account.period').find(cr, uid)
         if periods:
             return periods[0]
@@ -195,11 +197,13 @@ class account_bank_statement(osv.osv):
         return self.write(cr, uid, ids, {}, context=context)
 
     def create_move_from_st_line(self, cr, uid, st_line_id, company_currency_id, st_line_number, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         res_currency_obj = self.pool.get('res.currency')
         account_move_obj = self.pool.get('account.move')
         account_move_line_obj = self.pool.get('account.move.line')
         account_bank_statement_line_obj = self.pool.get('account.bank.statement.line')
-        st_line = account_bank_statement_line_obj.browse(cr, uid, st_line_id, context)
+        st_line = account_bank_statement_line_obj.browse(cr, uid, st_line_id, context=context)
         st = st_line.statement_id
 
         context.update({'date': st_line.date})
@@ -299,7 +303,7 @@ class account_bank_statement(osv.osv):
         return st_number + '/' + str(st_line.sequence)
 
     def balance_check(self, cr, uid, st_id, journal_type='bank', context=None):
-        st = self.browse(cr, uid, st_id, context)
+        st = self.browse(cr, uid, st_id, context=context)
         if not (abs((st.balance_end or 0.0) - st.balance_end_real) < 0.0001):
             raise osv.except_osv(_('Error !'),
                     _('The statement balance is incorrect !\n') +
@@ -318,7 +322,7 @@ class account_bank_statement(osv.osv):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
 
-        for st in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for st in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             j_type = st.journal_id.type
             company_currency_id = st.journal_id.company_id.currency_id.id
             if not self.check_status_condition(cr, uid, st.state, journal_type=j_type):
@@ -360,7 +364,7 @@ class account_bank_statement(osv.osv):
     def button_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         done = []
         account_move_obj = self.pool.get('account.move')
-        for st in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for st in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if st.state=='draft':
                 continue
             ids = []
@@ -381,7 +385,7 @@ class account_bank_statement(osv.osv):
         return {'value': {'balance_start': balance_start, 'account_id': account_id}}
 
     def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        stat = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['state'])
+        stat = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['state'], context=context)
         unlink_ids = []
         for t in stat:
             if t['state'] in ('draft'):
@@ -412,7 +416,7 @@ class account_bank_statement_line(osv.osv):
         if not partner_id:
             return res
         account_id = False
-        line = self.browse(cr, uid, line_id)
+        line = self.browse(cr, uid, line_id, context=context)
         if not line or (line and not line[0].account_id):
             part = obj_partner.browse(cr, uid, partner_id, context=context)
             if type == 'supplier':
diff --git a/addons/account/account_cash_statement.py b/addons/account/account_cash_statement.py
index cf17a799372..86b00ad98b3 100644
--- a/addons/account/account_cash_statement.py
+++ b/addons/account/account_cash_statement.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class account_cashbox_line(osv.osv):
         @return: Dictionary of values.
         """
         res = {}
-        for obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[obj.id] = obj.pieces * obj.number
         return res
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class account_cash_statement(osv.osv):
         @return: Dictionary of values.
         """
         res = {}
-        for statement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for statement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             amount_total = 0.0
 
             if statement.journal_id.type not in('cash'):
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class account_cash_statement(osv.osv):
         @return: Dictionary of values.
         """
         res = {}
-        for statement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for statement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             amount_total = 0.0
             for line in statement.ending_details_ids:
                 amount_total += line.pieces * line.number
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class account_cash_statement(osv.osv):
         @return: Dictionary of values.
         """
         res2 = {}
-        for statement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for statement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             encoding_total=0.0
             for line in statement.line_ids:
                encoding_total += line.amount
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class account_cash_statement(osv.osv):
             company_id = company_pool.search(cr, uid, [])
         return company_id and company_id[0] or False
 
-    def _get_cash_open_box_lines(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_cash_open_box_lines(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         res = []
         curr = [1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500]
         for rs in curr:
@@ -173,14 +173,14 @@ class account_cash_statement(osv.osv):
         if journal_ids:
             results = self.search(cr, uid, [('journal_id', 'in', journal_ids),('state', '=', 'confirm')], context=context)
             if results:
-                cash_st = self.browse(cr, uid, results, context)[0]
+                cash_st = self.browse(cr, uid, results, context=context)[0]
                 for cash_line in cash_st.ending_details_ids:
                     for r in res:
                         if cash_line.pieces == r['pieces']:
                             r['number'] = cash_line.number
         return res
 
-    def _get_default_cash_close_box_lines(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_default_cash_close_box_lines(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         res = []
         curr = [1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500]
         for rs in curr:
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ class account_cash_statement(osv.osv):
             res.append(dct)
         return res
 
-    def _get_cash_close_box_lines(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_cash_close_box_lines(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         res = []
         curr = [1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500]
         for rs in curr:
@@ -202,11 +202,11 @@ class account_cash_statement(osv.osv):
             res.append((0, 0, dct))
         return res
 
-    def _get_cash_open_close_box_lines(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_cash_open_close_box_lines(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         res = {}
         start_l = []
         end_l = []
-        starting_details = self._get_cash_open_box_lines(cr, uid, context)
+        starting_details = self._get_cash_open_box_lines(cr, uid, context=context)
         ending_details = self._get_default_cash_close_box_lines(cr, uid, context)
         for start in starting_details:
             start_l.append((0, 0, start))
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ class account_cash_statement(osv.osv):
         if open_jrnl:
             raise osv.except_osv(_('Error'), _('You can not have two open register for the same journal'))
 
-        if self.pool.get('account.journal').browse(cr, uid, vals['journal_id']).type == 'cash':
+        if self.pool.get('account.journal').browse(cr, uid, vals['journal_id'], context=context).type == 'cash':
             open_close = self._get_cash_open_close_box_lines(cr, uid, context)
             if vals.get('starting_details_ids', False):
                 for start in vals.get('starting_details_ids'):
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ class account_cash_statement(osv.osv):
         @return: True on success, False otherwise
         """
 
-        super(account_cash_statement, self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals)
+        super(account_cash_statement, self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context=context)
         res = self._get_starting_balance(cr, uid, ids)
         for rs in res:
             super(account_cash_statement, self).write(cr, uid, [rs], res.get(rs))
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ class account_cash_statement(osv.osv):
                 'state': 'open',
 
             })
-            self.write(cr, uid, [statement.id], vals)
+            self.write(cr, uid, [statement.id], vals, context=context)
         return True
 
     def balance_check(self, cr, uid, cash_id, journal_type='bank', context=None):
diff --git a/addons/account/account_move_line.py b/addons/account/account_move_line.py
index 2987b3c69d6..02c5abcb130 100644
--- a/addons/account/account_move_line.py
+++ b/addons/account/account_move_line.py
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
                 del data[f]
         return data
 
-    def create_analytic_lines(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def create_analytic_lines(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         acc_ana_line_obj = self.pool.get('account.analytic.line')
-        for obj_line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for obj_line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if obj_line.analytic_account_id:
                 if not obj_line.journal_id.analytic_journal_id:
                     raise osv.except_osv(_('No Analytic Journal !'),_("You have to define an analytic journal on the '%s' journal!") % (obj_line.journal_id.name, ))
@@ -139,7 +139,9 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
             del(data['account_tax_id'])
         return data
 
-    def convert_to_period(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def convert_to_period(self, cr, uid, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         period_obj = self.pool.get('account.period')
         #check if the period_id changed in the context from client side
         if context.get('period_id', False):
@@ -151,7 +153,9 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
                 })
         return context
 
-    def _default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context={}):
+    def _default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         if not context.get('journal_id', False) and context.get('search_default_journal_id', False):
             context['journal_id'] = context.get('search_default_journal_id')
         account_obj = self.pool.get('account.account')
@@ -164,7 +168,7 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
         currency_obj = self.pool.get('res.currency')
         context = self.convert_to_period(cr, uid, context)
         # Compute simple values
-        data = super(account_move_line, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context)
+        data = super(account_move_line, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         # Starts: Manual entry from account.move form
         if context.get('lines',[]):
             total_new = 0.00
@@ -174,7 +178,7 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
                     for item in i[2]:
                             data[item] = i[2][item]
             if context['journal']:
-                journal_data = journal_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['journal'])
+                journal_data = journal_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['journal'], context=context)
                 if journal_data.type == 'purchase':
                     if total_new > 0:
                         account = journal_data.default_credit_account_id
@@ -186,9 +190,9 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
                     else:
                         account = journal_data.default_debit_account_id
                 if account and ((not fields) or ('debit' in fields) or ('credit' in fields)) and 'partner_id' in data and (data['partner_id']):
-                    part = partner_obj.browse(cr, uid, data['partner_id'])
+                    part = partner_obj.browse(cr, uid, data['partner_id'], context=context)
                     account = fiscal_pos_obj.map_account(cr, uid, part and part.property_account_position or False, account.id)
-                    account = account_obj.browse(cr, uid, account)
+                    account = account_obj.browse(cr, uid, account, context=context)
                     data['account_id'] =  account.id
 
             s = -total_new
@@ -236,7 +240,7 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
             return data
         total = 0
         ref_id = False
-        move = move_obj.browse(cr, uid, move_id, context)
+        move = move_obj.browse(cr, uid, move_id, context=context)
         if 'name' in fields:
             data.setdefault('name', move.line_id[-1].name)
         acc1 = False
@@ -265,7 +269,7 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
         # part = False is acceptable for fiscal position.
         account = fiscal_pos_obj.map_account(cr, uid, part and part.property_account_position or False, account.id)
         if account:
-            account = account_obj.browse(cr, uid, account)
+            account = account_obj.browse(cr, uid, account, context=context)
 
         if account and ((not fields) or ('debit' in fields) or ('credit' in fields)):
             data['account_id'] = account.id
@@ -289,10 +293,10 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
             data['amount_currency'] = v
         return data
 
-    def on_create_write(self, cr, uid, id, context={}):
+    def on_create_write(self, cr, uid, id, context=None):
         if not id:
             return []
-        ml = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context)
+        ml = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context=context)
         return map(lambda x: x.id, ml.move_id.line_id)
 
     def _balance(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
@@ -334,11 +338,11 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
             res[line_id] = (invoice_id, invoice_names[invoice_id])
         return res
 
-    def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         if not ids:
             return []
         result = []
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if line.ref:
                 result.append((line.id, (line.move_id.name or '')+' ('+line.ref+')'))
             else:
@@ -454,6 +458,8 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def _get_date(self, cr, uid, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context or {}
         period_obj = self.pool.get('account.period')
         dt = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
         if ('journal_id' in context) and ('period_id' in context):
@@ -495,35 +501,35 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
         ('credit_debit2', 'CHECK (credit+debit>=0)', 'Wrong credit or debit value in accounting entry !'),
     ]
 
-    def _auto_init(self, cr, context={}):
-        super(account_move_line, self)._auto_init(cr, context)
+    def _auto_init(self, cr, context=None):
+        super(account_move_line, self)._auto_init(cr, context=context)
         cr.execute('SELECT indexname FROM pg_indexes WHERE indexname = \'account_move_line_journal_id_period_id_index\'')
         if not cr.fetchone():
             cr.execute('CREATE INDEX account_move_line_journal_id_period_id_index ON account_move_line (journal_id, period_id)')
 
-    def _check_no_view(self, cr, uid, ids):
-        lines = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+    def _check_no_view(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        lines = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         for l in lines:
             if l.account_id.type == 'view':
                 return False
         return True
 
-    def _check_no_closed(self, cr, uid, ids):
-        lines = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+    def _check_no_closed(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        lines = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         for l in lines:
             if l.account_id.type == 'closed':
                 return False
         return True
 
-    def _check_company_id(self, cr, uid, ids):
-        lines = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+    def _check_company_id(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        lines = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         for l in lines:
             if l.company_id != l.account_id.company_id or l.company_id != l.period_id.company_id:
                 return False
         return True
 
-    def _check_partner_id(self, cr, uid, ids):
-        lines = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+    def _check_partner_id(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        lines = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         for l in lines:
             if l.account_id.type in ('receivable', 'payable') and not l.partner_id:
                 return False
@@ -546,7 +552,7 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
         if (not currency_id) or (not account_id):
             return {}
         result = {}
-        acc = account_obj.browse(cr, uid, account_id)
+        acc = account_obj.browse(cr, uid, account_id, context=context)
         if (amount>0) and journal:
             x = journal_obj.browse(cr, uid, journal).default_credit_account_id
             if x: acc = x
@@ -662,7 +668,7 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Warning !'), _('To reconcile the entries company should be the same for all entries'))
             company_list.append(line.company_id.id)
 
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if line.reconcile_id:
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Warning'), _('Already Reconciled!'))
             if line.reconcile_partial_id:
@@ -808,8 +814,10 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
                 partner_obj.write(cr, uid, [partner_id], {'last_reconciliation_date': time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')})
         return r_id
 
-    def view_header_get(self, cr, user, view_id, view_type, context):
-        context = self.convert_to_period(cr, user, context)
+    def view_header_get(self, cr, user, view_id, view_type, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
+        context = self.convert_to_period(cr, user, context=context)
         if context.get('account_id', False):
             cr.execute('SELECT code FROM account_account WHERE id = %s', (context['account_id'], ))
             res = cr.fetchone()
@@ -825,7 +833,7 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
             return j+(p and (':'+p) or '')
         return False
 
-    def onchange_date(self, cr, user, ids, date, context={}):
+    def onchange_date(self, cr, user, ids, date, context=None):
         """
         Returns a dict that contains new values and context
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -836,6 +844,8 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
         @return: Returns a dict which contains new values, and context
         """
         res = {}
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         period_pool = self.pool.get('account.period')
         pids = period_pool.search(cr, user, [('date_start','<=',date), ('date_stop','>=',date)])
         if pids:
@@ -850,9 +860,11 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
             'context':context,
         }
 
-    def fields_view_get(self, cr, uid, view_id=None, view_type='form', context={}, toolbar=False, submenu=False):
+    def fields_view_get(self, cr, uid, view_id=None, view_type='form', context=None, toolbar=False, submenu=False):
         journal_pool = self.pool.get('account.journal')
-        result = super(osv.osv, self).fields_view_get(cr, uid, view_id, view_type, context, toolbar=toolbar, submenu=submenu)
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
+        result = super(osv.osv, self).fields_view_get(cr, uid, view_id, view_type, context=context, toolbar=toolbar, submenu=submenu)
         if view_type != 'tree':
             #Remove the toolbar from the form view
             if view_type == 'form':
@@ -871,7 +883,7 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
         xml = '''<?xml version="1.0"?>\n<tree string="%s" editable="top" refresh="5" on_write="on_create_write" colors="red:state==\'draft\';black:state==\'valid\'">\n\t''' % (title)
 
         ids = journal_pool.search(cr, uid, [])
-        journals = journal_pool.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+        journals = journal_pool.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         all_journal = [None]
         common_fields = {}
         total = len(journals)
@@ -952,8 +964,10 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
         result['fields'] = self.fields_get(cr, uid, flds, context)
         return result
 
-    def _check_moves(self, cr, uid, context):
+    def _check_moves(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         # use the first move ever created for this journal and period
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         cr.execute('SELECT id, state, name FROM account_move WHERE journal_id = %s AND period_id = %s ORDER BY id limit 1', (context['journal_id'],context['period_id']))
         res = cr.fetchone()
         if res:
@@ -981,11 +995,13 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
             obj_move_rec.unlink(cr, uid, unlink_ids)
         return True
 
-    def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}, check=True):
+    def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None, check=True):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         move_obj = self.pool.get('account.move')
         self._update_check(cr, uid, ids, context)
         result = False
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             context['journal_id'] = line.journal_id.id
             context['period_id'] = line.period_id.id
             result = super(account_move_line, self).unlink(cr, uid, [line.id], context=context)
@@ -1014,9 +1030,9 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
                 journal_id = context.get('journal_id', False)
                 period_id = context.get('period_id', False)
             if journal_id:
-                journal = journal_obj.browse(cr, uid, [journal_id])[0]
+                journal = journal_obj.browse(cr, uid, journal_id, context=context)
                 if journal.allow_date and period_id:
-                    period = period_obj.browse(cr, uid, [period_id])[0]
+                    period = period_obj.browse(cr, uid, period_id, context=context)
                     if not time.strptime(vals['date'][:10],'%Y-%m-%d') >= time.strptime(period.date_start, '%Y-%m-%d') or not time.strptime(vals['date'][:10], '%Y-%m-%d') <= time.strptime(period.date_stop, '%Y-%m-%d'):
                         raise osv.except_osv(_('Error'),_('The date of your Journal Entry is not in the defined period!'))
         else:
@@ -1069,7 +1085,7 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
                         move_obj.write(cr, uid, [line.move_id.id], {'date': todo_date}, context=context)
         return result
 
-    def _update_journal_check(self, cr, uid, journal_id, period_id, context={}):
+    def _update_journal_check(self, cr, uid, journal_id, period_id, context=None):
         journal_obj = self.pool.get('account.journal')
         period_obj = self.pool.get('account.period')
         jour_period_obj = self.pool.get('account.journal.period')
@@ -1079,8 +1095,8 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
             if state == 'done':
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Error !'), _('You can not add/modify entries in a closed journal.'))
         if not result:
-            journal = journal_obj.browse(cr, uid, journal_id, context)
-            period = period_obj.browse(cr, uid, period_id, context)
+            journal = journal_obj.browse(cr, uid, journal_id, context=context)
+            period = period_obj.browse(cr, uid, period_id, context=context)
             jour_period_obj.create(cr, uid, {
                 'name': (journal.code or journal.name)+':'+(period.name or ''),
                 'journal_id': journal.id,
@@ -1088,9 +1104,9 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
             })
         return True
 
-    def _update_check(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def _update_check(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         done = {}
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if line.move_id.state <> 'draft' and (not line.journal_id.entry_posted):
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Error !'), _('You can not do this modification on a confirmed entry ! Please note that you can just change some non important fields !'))
             if line.reconcile_id:
@@ -1127,7 +1143,7 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
 
         self._update_journal_check(cr, uid, context['journal_id'], context['period_id'], context)
         move_id = vals.get('move_id', False)
-        journal = journal_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['journal_id'])
+        journal = journal_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['journal_id'], context=context)
         if not move_id:
             if journal.centralisation:
                 #Check for centralisation
@@ -1150,7 +1166,7 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
                     raise osv.except_osv(_('No piece number !'), _('Can not create an automatic sequence for this piece !\n\nPut a sequence in the journal definition for automatic numbering or create a sequence manually for this piece.'))
         ok = not (journal.type_control_ids or journal.account_control_ids)
         if ('account_id' in vals):
-            account = account_obj.browse(cr, uid, vals['account_id'])
+            account = account_obj.browse(cr, uid, vals['account_id'], context=context)
             if journal.type_control_ids:
                 type = account.user_type
                 for t in journal.type_control_ids:
diff --git a/addons/account/installer.py b/addons/account/installer.py
index b1be04f7c70..9dce3186393 100644
--- a/addons/account/installer.py
+++ b/addons/account/installer.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class account_installer(osv.osv_memory):
         ids = modules.search(cr, uid, [('category_id', '=', 'Account Charts')], context=context)
         charts = list(
             sorted(((m.name, m.shortdesc)
-                    for m in modules.browse(cr, uid, ids)),
+                    for m in modules.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)),
                    key=itemgetter(1)))
         charts.insert(0, ('configurable', 'Generic Chart Of Account'))
         return charts
diff --git a/addons/account/invoice.py b/addons/account/invoice.py
index 3f675f90a07..57178c03c72 100644
--- a/addons/account/invoice.py
+++ b/addons/account/invoice.py
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class account_invoice(osv.osv):
         return res and res[0] or False
 
     def _get_currency(self, cr, uid, context=None):
-        user = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname).get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, [uid])[0]
+        user = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname).get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, [uid], context=context)[0]
         if user.company_id:
             return user.company_id.currency_id.id
         return pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname).get('res.currency').search(cr, uid, [('rate','=', 1.0)])[0]
@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ class account_invoice(osv.osv):
 
     def _amount_residual(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
         res = {}
-        cur_obj = self.pool.get('res.currency')
-        data_inv = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
         if context is None:
             context = {}
 
+        cur_obj = self.pool.get('res.currency')
+        data_inv = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         for inv in data_inv:
             debit = credit = 0.0
             context.update({'date':inv.date_invoice})
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class account_invoice(osv.osv):
 
     def _compute_lines(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
         result = {}
-        for invoice in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for invoice in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             src = []
             lines = []
             if invoice.move_id:
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ class account_invoice(osv.osv):
 
     def _get_invoice_from_line(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         move = {}
-        for line in self.pool.get('account.move.line').browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for line in self.pool.get('account.move.line').browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if line.reconcile_partial_id:
                 for line2 in line.reconcile_partial_id.line_partial_ids:
                     move[line2.move_id.id] = True
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class account_invoice(osv.osv):
 
     def _get_invoice_from_reconcile(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         move = {}
-        for r in self.pool.get('account.move.reconcile').browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for r in self.pool.get('account.move.reconcile').browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for line in r.line_partial_ids:
                 move[line.move_id.id] = True
             for line in r.line_id:
@@ -328,6 +328,7 @@ class account_invoice(osv.osv):
         journal_obj = self.pool.get('account.journal')
         if context is None:
             context = {}
+
         if context.get('active_model', '') in ['res.partner'] and context.get('active_ids', False) and context['active_ids']:
             partner = self.pool.get(context['active_model']).read(cr, uid, context['active_ids'], ['supplier','customer'])[0]
             if not view_type:
@@ -395,7 +396,7 @@ class account_invoice(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        invoices = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['state'])
+        invoices = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['state'], context=context)
         unlink_ids = []
         for t in invoices:
             if t['state'] in ('draft', 'cancel'):
@@ -675,7 +676,7 @@ class account_invoice(osv.osv):
 
     def button_compute(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None, set_total=False):
         self.button_reset_taxes(cr, uid, ids, context)
-        for inv in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for inv in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if set_total:
                 self.pool.get('account.invoice').write(cr, uid, [inv.id], {'check_total': inv.amount_total})
         return True
@@ -987,7 +988,7 @@ class account_invoice(osv.osv):
         #TODO: not correct fix but required a frech values before reading it.
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {})
 
-        for obj_inv in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for obj_inv in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             id = obj_inv.id
             invtype = obj_inv.type
             number = obj_inv.number
@@ -1155,7 +1156,7 @@ class account_invoice(osv.osv):
             context = {}
         #TODO check if we can use different period for payment and the writeoff line
         assert len(ids)==1, "Can only pay one invoice at a time"
-        invoice = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0])
+        invoice = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
         src_account_id = invoice.account_id.id
         # Take the seq as name for move
         types = {'out_invoice': -1, 'in_invoice': 1, 'out_refund': 1, 'in_refund': -1}
@@ -1319,9 +1320,9 @@ class account_invoice_line(osv.osv):
                 return {'value': {'categ_id': False}, 'domain':{'product_uom':[]}}
             else:
                 return {'value': {'price_unit': 0.0, 'categ_id': False}, 'domain':{'product_uom':[]}}
-        part = self.pool.get('res.partner').browse(cr, uid, partner_id)
+        part = self.pool.get('res.partner').browse(cr, uid, partner_id, context=context)
         fpos_obj = self.pool.get('account.fiscal.position')
-        fpos = fposition_id and fpos_obj.browse(cr, uid, fposition_id) or False
+        fpos = fposition_id and fpos_obj.browse(cr, uid, fposition_id, context=context) or False
 
         if part.lang:
             context.update({'lang': part.lang})
@@ -1351,7 +1352,7 @@ class account_invoice_line(osv.osv):
                 # Parse the value_reference field to get the ID of the account.account record
                 account_id = int (my_value[0]["value_reference"].split(",")[1])
                 # Use the ID of the account.account record in the browse for the account.account record
-                app_acc_in = account_obj.browse(cr, uid, [account_id])[0]
+                app_acc_in = account_obj.browse(cr, uid, account_id, context=context)
             if not exp_pro_id:
                 ex_acc = res.product_tmpl_id.property_account_expense
                 ex_acc_cate = res.categ_id.property_account_expense_categ
@@ -1360,7 +1361,7 @@ class account_invoice_line(osv.osv):
                 else:
                     app_acc_exp = ex_acc_cate
             else:
-                app_acc_exp = account_obj.browse(cr, uid, exp_pro_id)[0]
+                app_acc_exp = account_obj.browse(cr, uid, exp_pro_id, context=context)[0]
             if not in_pro_id and not exp_pro_id:
                 in_acc = res.product_tmpl_id.property_account_income
                 in_acc_cate = res.categ_id.property_account_income_categ
@@ -1378,8 +1379,8 @@ class account_invoice_line(osv.osv):
                 if not in_res_id and not exp_res_id:
                     raise osv.except_osv(_('Configuration Error !'),
                         _('Can not find account chart for this company, Please Create account.'))
-                in_obj_acc = account_obj.browse(cr, uid, in_res_id)
-                exp_obj_acc = account_obj.browse(cr, uid, exp_res_id)
+                in_obj_acc = account_obj.browse(cr, uid, in_res_id, context=context)
+                exp_obj_acc = account_obj.browse(cr, uid, exp_res_id, context=context)
                 if in_acc or ex_acc:
                     res.product_tmpl_id.property_account_income = in_obj_acc[0]
                     res.product_tmpl_id.property_account_expense = exp_obj_acc[0]
@@ -1427,8 +1428,8 @@ class account_invoice_line(osv.osv):
         if not company_id or not currency_id:
             return res_final
 
-        company = self.pool.get('res.company').browse(cr, uid, company_id)
-        currency = self.pool.get('res.currency').browse(cr, uid, currency_id)
+        company = self.pool.get('res.company').browse(cr, uid, company_id, context=context)
+        currency = self.pool.get('res.currency').browse(cr, uid, currency_id, context=context)
 
         if company.currency_id.id != currency.id:
             new_price = res_final['value']['price_unit'] * currency.rate
@@ -1453,7 +1454,9 @@ class account_invoice_line(osv.osv):
         res = []
         tax_obj = self.pool.get('account.tax')
         cur_obj = self.pool.get('res.currency')
-        inv = self.pool.get('account.invoice').browse(cr, uid, invoice_id)
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
+        inv = self.pool.get('account.invoice').browse(cr, uid, invoice_id, context=context)
         company_currency = inv.company_id.currency_id.id
 
         for line in inv.invoice_line:
@@ -1584,11 +1587,11 @@ class account_invoice_tax(osv.osv):
         'base_amount': 0.0,
         'tax_amount': 0.0,
     }
-    def compute(self, cr, uid, invoice_id, context={}):
+    def compute(self, cr, uid, invoice_id, context=None):
         tax_grouped = {}
         tax_obj = self.pool.get('account.tax')
         cur_obj = self.pool.get('res.currency')
-        inv = self.pool.get('account.invoice').browse(cr, uid, invoice_id, context)
+        inv = self.pool.get('account.invoice').browse(cr, uid, invoice_id, context=context)
         cur = inv.currency_id
         company_currency = inv.company_id.currency_id.id
 
diff --git a/addons/account/partner.py b/addons/account/partner.py
index fb5af0353a5..c710e8949c4 100644
--- a/addons/account/partner.py
+++ b/addons/account/partner.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class account_fiscal_position(osv.osv):
         'note': fields.text('Notes', translate=True),
     }
 
-    def map_tax(self, cr, uid, fposition_id, taxes, context={}):
+    def map_tax(self, cr, uid, fposition_id, taxes, context=None):
         if not taxes:
             return []
         if not fposition_id:
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class account_fiscal_position(osv.osv):
                 result.append(t.id)
         return result
 
-    def map_account(self, cr, uid, fposition_id, account_id, context={}):
+    def map_account(self, cr, uid, fposition_id, account_id, context=None):
         if not fposition_id:
             return account_id
         for pos in fposition_id.account_ids:
@@ -134,10 +134,10 @@ class res_partner(osv.osv):
             return [('id','=','0')]
         return [('id','in',map(itemgetter(0), res))]
 
-    def _credit_search(self, cr, uid, obj, name, args, context):
+    def _credit_search(self, cr, uid, obj, name, args, context=None):
         return self._asset_difference_search(cr, uid, obj, name, 'receivable', args, context=context)
 
-    def _debit_search(self, cr, uid, obj, name, args, context):
+    def _debit_search(self, cr, uid, obj, name, args, context=None):
         return self._asset_difference_search(cr, uid, obj, name, 'payable', args, context=context)
 
     _columns = {
diff --git a/addons/account/project/wizard/project_account_analytic_line.py b/addons/account/project/wizard/project_account_analytic_line.py
index f99da966634..e6be3bcffd3 100644
--- a/addons/account/project/wizard/project_account_analytic_line.py
+++ b/addons/account/project/wizard/project_account_analytic_line.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class project_account_analytic_line(osv.osv_memory):
          'to_date': fields.date('To'),
      }
 
-     def action_open_window(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+     def action_open_window(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
           mod_obj =self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
           domain = []
           data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [])[0]
diff --git a/addons/account/report/account_report.py b/addons/account/report/account_report.py
index a85d25efe5a..8a77ce47280 100644
--- a/addons/account/report/account_report.py
+++ b/addons/account/report/account_report.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import pooler
 import tools
 from osv import fields,osv
 
-def _code_get(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+def _code_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
     acc_type_obj = self.pool.get('account.account.type')
     ids = acc_type_obj.search(cr, uid, [])
     res = acc_type_obj.read(cr, uid, ids, ['code', 'name'], context)
@@ -98,9 +98,9 @@ class report_aged_receivable(osv.osv):
         res = super(report_aged_receivable, self).fields_view_get(cr, user, view_id, view_type, context, toolbar=toolbar, submenu=submenu)
         return res
 
-    def _calc_bal(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context):
+    def _calc_bal(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
         res = {}
-        for period in self.read(cr,uid,ids,['name']):
+        for period in self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name'], context=context):
            date1,date2 = period['name'].split(' to ')
            cr.execute("SELECT SUM(credit-debit) FROM account_move_line AS line, account_account as ac  \
                         WHERE (line.account_id=ac.id) AND ac.type='receivable' \
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_automatic_reconcile.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_automatic_reconcile.py
index e1ef86b9a65..432a430868c 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_automatic_reconcile.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_automatic_reconcile.py
@@ -42,10 +42,14 @@ class account_automatic_reconcile(osv.osv_memory):
         'allow_write_off': fields.boolean('Allow write off')
     }
 
-    def _get_reconciled(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_reconciled(self, cr, uid, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         return context.get('reconciled', 0)
 
-    def _get_unreconciled(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_unreconciled(self, cr, uid, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         return context.get('unreconciled', 0)
 
     _defaults = {
@@ -175,7 +179,7 @@ class account_automatic_reconcile(osv.osv_memory):
                     if allow_write_off:
                         move_line_obj.reconcile(cr, uid, line_ids, 'auto', form['writeoff_acc_id'], form['period_id'], form['journal_id'], context)
                     else:
-                        move_line_obj.reconcile_partial(cr, uid, line_ids, 'manual', context={})
+                        move_line_obj.reconcile_partial(cr, uid, line_ids, 'manual', context=context)
 
             # get the list of partners who have more than one unreconciled transaction
             cr.execute(
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_change_currency.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_change_currency.py
index b6dccb6e5b1..47f9ac9c2c8 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_change_currency.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_change_currency.py
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class account_change_currency(osv.osv_memory):
         invoice = obj_inv.browse(cr, uid, context['active_id'], context=context)
         if invoice.currency_id.id == new_currency:
             return {}
-        rate = obj_currency.browse(cr, uid, new_currency).rate
+        rate = obj_currency.browse(cr, uid, new_currency, context=context).rate
         for line in invoice.invoice_line:
             new_price = 0
             if invoice.company_id.currency_id.id == invoice.currency_id.id:
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_invoice_refund.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_invoice_refund.py
index 0ad0cf61999..672e2a28fba 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_invoice_refund.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_invoice_refund.py
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class account_invoice_refund(osv.osv_memory):
             date = False
             period = False
             description = False
-            company = res_users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid).company_id
+            company = res_users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id
             journal_id = form.get('journal_id', False)
             for inv in inv_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids'), context=context):
                 if inv.state in ['draft', 'proforma2', 'cancel']:
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_move_bank_reconcile.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_move_bank_reconcile.py
index 2e6a52e56cd..9be351ed440 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_move_bank_reconcile.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_move_bank_reconcile.py
@@ -32,13 +32,15 @@ class account_move_bank_reconcile(osv.osv_memory):
        'journal_id': fields.many2one('account.journal', 'Journal', required=True),
     }
 
-    def action_open_window(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def action_open_window(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
        @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
        @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
        @param ids: account move bank reconcile’s ID or list of IDs
        @return: dictionary of  Open  account move line   on given journal_id.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         cr.execute('select default_credit_account_id \
                         from account_journal where id=%s', (data['journal_id'],))
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_move_journal.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_move_journal.py
index 72ae65f83b9..c7adb387724 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_move_journal.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_move_journal.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class account_move_journal(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = "account.move.journal"
     _description = "Move journal"
 
-    def _get_period(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_period(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         """
         Return  default account period value
         """
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class account_move_journal(osv.osv_memory):
             period_id = ids[0]
         return period_id
 
-    def _get_journal(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_journal(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         """
         Return journal based on the journal type
         """
@@ -138,8 +138,8 @@ class account_move_journal(osv.osv_memory):
             ids = period_pool.search(cr, uid, [('journal_id', '=', journal_id), ('period_id', '=', period_id)], context=context)
 
             if not ids:
-                journal = journal_pool.browse(cr, uid, journal_id)
-                period = account_period_obj.browse(cr, uid, period_id)
+                journal = journal_pool.browse(cr, uid, journal_id, context=context)
+                period = account_period_obj.browse(cr, uid, period_id, context=context)
 
                 name = journal.name
                 state = period.state
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_move_line_reconcile_select.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_move_line_reconcile_select.py
index d51b78f8db4..8e57c57884d 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_move_line_reconcile_select.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_move_line_reconcile_select.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class account_move_line_reconcile_select(osv.osv_memory):
                             domain = [('reconcile', '=', 1)], required=True),
     }
 
-    def action_open_window(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def action_open_window(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         This function Open  account move line window for reconcile on given account id
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_move_line_select.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_move_line_select.py
index 7ece00ca8b5..12ab0236759 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_move_line_select.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_move_line_select.py
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class account_move_line_select(osv.osv_memory):
         else:
             fiscalyear_ids = [context['fiscalyear']]
 
-        fiscalyears = fiscalyear_obj.browse(cr, uid, fiscalyear_ids)
+        fiscalyears = fiscalyear_obj.browse(cr, uid, fiscalyear_ids, context=context)
 
         period_ids = []
         if fiscalyears:
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_move_line_unreconcile_select.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_move_line_unreconcile_select.py
index 826a5a654b1..ad59493503d 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_move_line_unreconcile_select.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_move_line_unreconcile_select.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class account_move_line_unreconcile_select(osv.osv_memory):
     _columns ={
        'account_id': fields.many2one('account.account','Account',required=True),
     }
-    def action_open_window(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def action_open_window(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         return {
                 'domain': "[('account_id','=',%d),('reconcile_id','<>',False),('state','<>','draft')]" % data['account_id'],
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_open_closed_fiscalyear.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_open_closed_fiscalyear.py
index 3b7dc0743fc..582bbc36619 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_open_closed_fiscalyear.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_open_closed_fiscalyear.py
@@ -30,12 +30,12 @@ class account_open_closed_fiscalyear(osv.osv_memory):
                                  'Fiscal Year to Open', required=True, help='Select Fiscal Year which you want to remove entries for its End of year entries journal'),
     }
 
-    def remove_entries(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def remove_entries(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         fy_obj = self.pool.get('account.fiscalyear')
         move_obj = self.pool.get('account.move')
 
-        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [])[0]
-        data_fyear = fy_obj.browse(cr, uid, data['fyear_id'])
+        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
+        data_fyear = fy_obj.browse(cr, uid, data['fyear_id'], context=context)
         if not data_fyear.end_journal_period_id:
             raise osv.except_osv(_('Error'), _('No journal for ending writing has been defined for the fiscal year'))
         period_journal = data_fyear.end_journal_period_id
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_reconcile_partner_process.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_reconcile_partner_process.py
index e65ed778ef4..9f91d1ec2d2 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_reconcile_partner_process.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_reconcile_partner_process.py
@@ -73,6 +73,8 @@ class account_partner_reconcile_process(osv.osv_memory):
         return res
 
     def next_partner(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         move_line_obj = self.pool.get('account.move.line')
         res_partner_obj = self.pool.get('res.partner')
 
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_report_balance_sheet.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_report_balance_sheet.py
index 0d64a753f55..6ce36242f47 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_report_balance_sheet.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_report_balance_sheet.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class account_bs_report(osv.osv_memory):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
         data = self.pre_print_report(cr, uid, ids, data, context=context)
-        account = self.pool.get('account.account').browse(cr, uid, data['form']['chart_account_id'])
+        account = self.pool.get('account.account').browse(cr, uid, data['form']['chart_account_id'], context=context)
         if not account.company_id.property_reserve_and_surplus_account:
             raise osv.except_osv(_('Warning'),_('Please define the Reserve and Profit/Loss account for current user company !'))
         data['form']['reserve_account_id'] = account.company_id.property_reserve_and_surplus_account.id
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_report_common_account.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_report_common_account.py
index 4ed71ec9389..7205a9e53bf 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_report_common_account.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_report_common_account.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class account_common_account_report(osv.osv_memory):
     def pre_print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, data, context=None):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        data['form'].update(self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['display_account'])[0])
+        data['form'].update(self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['display_account'], context=context)[0])
         return data
 
 account_common_account_report()
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_report_common_journal.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_report_common_journal.py
index 9ec12b16177..8e9db058d31 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_report_common_journal.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_report_common_journal.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class account_common_journal_report(osv.osv_memory):
     def pre_print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, data, context=None):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        data['form'].update(self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['amount_currency'])[0])
+        data['form'].update(self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['amount_currency'], context=context)[0])
         fy_ids = data['form']['fiscalyear_id'] and [data['form']['fiscalyear_id']] or self.pool.get('account.fiscalyear').search(cr, uid, [('state', '=', 'draft')], context=context)
         period_list = data['form']['periods'] or self.pool.get('account.period').search(cr, uid, [('fiscalyear_id', 'in', fy_ids)], context=context)
         data['form']['active_ids'] = self.pool.get('account.journal.period').search(cr, uid, [('journal_id', 'in', data['form']['journal_ids']), ('period_id', 'in', period_list)], context=context)
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_report_common_partner.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_report_common_partner.py
index 3fafb400bb1..05003041eeb 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_report_common_partner.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_report_common_partner.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class account_common_partner_report(osv.osv_memory):
     def pre_print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, data, context=None):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        data['form'].update(self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['result_selection'])[0])
+        data['form'].update(self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['result_selection'], context=context)[0])
         return data
 
 account_common_partner_report()
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_report_print_journal.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_report_print_journal.py
index 6256cca8ab6..b1ca30dc560 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_report_print_journal.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_report_print_journal.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class account_print_journal(osv.osv_memory):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
         data = self.pre_print_report(cr, uid, ids, data, context=context)
-        data['form'].update(self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['sort_selection'])[0])
+        data['form'].update(self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['sort_selection'], context=context)[0])
         return {'type': 'ir.actions.report.xml', 'report_name': 'account.journal.period.print', 'datas': data}
 
 account_print_journal()
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_subscription_generate.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_subscription_generate.py
index 7a50b49d310..4c99539301b 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_subscription_generate.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_subscription_generate.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class account_subscription_generate(osv.osv_memory):
     _defaults = {
         'date': lambda *a: time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
     }
-    def action_generate(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def action_generate(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         mod_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         act_obj = self.pool.get('ir.actions.act_window')
         moves_created=[]
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_unreconcile.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_unreconcile.py
index 88b58b68a1e..3a067b4a598 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_unreconcile.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_unreconcile.py
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ class account_unreconcile_reconcile(osv.osv_memory):
 
     def trans_unrec_reconcile(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         obj_move_reconcile = self.pool.get('account.move.reconcile')
-        rec_ids = context['active_ids']
         if context is None:
             context = {}
+        rec_ids = context['active_ids']
         if rec_ids:
-            obj_move_reconcile.unlink(cr, uid, rec_ids)
+            obj_move_reconcile.unlink(cr, uid, rec_ids, context=context)
         return {}
 
 account_unreconcile_reconcile()
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_use_model.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_use_model.py
index 51bd3a96083..15719dcf138 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_use_model.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_use_model.py
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ class account_use_model(osv.osv_memory):
         data =  self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         record_id = context and context.get('model_line', False) or False
         if record_id:
-            data_model = account_model_obj.browse(cr, uid, data['model'])
+            data_model = account_model_obj.browse(cr, uid, data['model'], context=context)
         else:
-            data_model = account_model_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['active_ids'])
+            data_model = account_model_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['active_ids'], context=context)
         for model in data_model:
             entry['name'] = model.name%{'year':time.strftime('%Y'), 'month':time.strftime('%m'), 'date':time.strftime('%d')}
             period_id = account_period_obj.find(cr, uid, context=context)
diff --git a/addons/account/wizard/account_validate_account_move.py b/addons/account/wizard/account_validate_account_move.py
index 0f963b44fa6..f840d2b5532 100644
--- a/addons/account/wizard/account_validate_account_move.py
+++ b/addons/account/wizard/account_validate_account_move.py
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ class validate_account_move(osv.osv_memory):
         obj_move = self.pool.get('account.move')
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids)[0]
+        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         ids_move = obj_move.search(cr, uid, [('state','=','draft'),('journal_id','=',data['journal_id']),('period_id','=',data['period_id'])])
         if not ids_move:
             raise osv.except_osv(_('Warning'), _('Specified Journal does not have any account move entries in draft state for this period'))
-        obj_move.button_validate(cr, uid, ids_move, context)
+        obj_move.button_validate(cr, uid, ids_move, context=context)
         return {}
 
 validate_account_move()
diff --git a/addons/account_analytic_analysis/account_analytic_analysis.py b/addons/account_analytic_analysis/account_analytic_analysis.py
index 55213155168..9c8d657d537 100644
--- a/addons/account_analytic_analysis/account_analytic_analysis.py
+++ b/addons/account_analytic_analysis/account_analytic_analysis.py
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ class account_analytic_account(osv.osv):
                     GROUP BY account_analytic_line.account_id", (child_ids,))
             for account_id, sum in cr.fetchall():
                 res[account_id][name] = round(sum,2)
-        data = self._compute_level_tree(cr, uid, ids, child_ids, res, [name], context)
+        data = self._compute_level_tree(cr, uid, ids, child_ids, res, [name], context=context)
         for i in data:
             res_final[i] = data[i][name]
         return res_final
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ class account_analytic_account(osv.osv):
 
     def _revenue_per_hour_calc(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
-        for account in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for account in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if account.hours_qtt_invoiced == 0:
                 res[account.id]=0.0
             else:
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ class account_analytic_account(osv.osv):
 
     def _real_margin_rate_calc(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
-        for account in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for account in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if account.ca_invoiced == 0:
                 res[account.id]=0.0
             elif account.total_cost != 0.0:
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ class account_analytic_account(osv.osv):
 
     def _remaining_ca_calc(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
-        for account in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for account in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if account.amount_max != 0:
                 res[account.id] = account.amount_max - account.ca_invoiced
             else:
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ class account_analytic_account(osv.osv):
 
     def _real_margin_calc(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
-        for account in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for account in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[account.id] = account.ca_invoiced + account.total_cost
         for id in ids:
             res[id] = round(res.get(id, 0.0),2)
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ class account_analytic_account(osv.osv):
 
     def _theorical_margin_calc(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
-        for account in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for account in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[account.id] = account.ca_theorical + account.total_cost
         for id in ids:
             res[id] = round(res.get(id, 0.0),2)
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ class account_analytic_account_summary_user(osv.osv):
                 ')')
 
     def _read_flat(self, cr, user, ids, fields, context=None, load='_classic_read'):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         if not ids:
             return []
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ class account_analytic_account_summary_month(osv.osv):
                 ')')
 
     def _read_flat(self, cr, user, ids, fields, context=None, load='_classic_read'):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         if not ids:
             return []
diff --git a/addons/account_analytic_plans/account_analytic_plans.py b/addons/account_analytic_plans/account_analytic_plans.py
index fa3e4a24635..6d8a06755d6 100644
--- a/addons/account_analytic_plans/account_analytic_plans.py
+++ b/addons/account_analytic_plans/account_analytic_plans.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from tools.translate import _
 
 class one2many_mod2(fields.one2many):
     def get(self, cr, obj, ids, name, user=None, offset=0, context=None, values=None):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         res = {}
         for id in ids:
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class account_analytic_plan_instance(osv.osv):
         return super(account_analytic_plan_instance, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context=context)
 
     def _default_journal(self, cr, uid, context=None):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         journal_obj = self.pool.get('account.journal')
         if context.has_key('journal_id') and context['journal_id']:
@@ -148,6 +148,8 @@ class account_analytic_plan_instance(osv.osv):
         return self.name_get(cr, uid, ids, context or {})
 
     def fields_view_get(self, cr, uid, view_id=None, view_type='form', context=None, toolbar=False, submenu=False):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         wiz_id = self.pool.get('ir.actions.act_window').search(cr, uid, [("name","=","analytic.plan.create.model.action")], context=context)
         res = super(account_analytic_plan_instance,self).fields_view_get(cr, uid, view_id, view_type, context, toolbar=toolbar, submenu=submenu)
         journal_obj = self.pool.get('account.journal')
@@ -214,6 +216,8 @@ class account_analytic_plan_instance(osv.osv):
         return super(account_analytic_plan_instance, self).create(cr, uid, vals, context=context)
 
     def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None, check=True, update_check=True):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         this = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
         invoice_line_obj = self.pool.get('account.invoice.line')
         if this.plan_id and not vals.has_key('plan_id'):
@@ -307,6 +311,8 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
         return data
 
     def create_analytic_lines(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         super(account_move_line, self).create_analytic_lines(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         analytic_line_obj = self.pool.get('account.analytic.line')
         for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
@@ -336,7 +342,9 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
                    analytic_line_obj.create(cr, uid, al_vals, context=context)
         return True
 
-    def fields_view_get(self, cr, uid, view_id=None, view_type='form', context={}, toolbar=False, submenu=False):
+    def fields_view_get(self, cr, uid, view_id=None, view_type='form', context=None, toolbar=False, submenu=False):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         result = super(osv.osv, self).fields_view_get(cr, uid, view_id, view_type, context, toolbar=toolbar, submenu=submenu)
         return result
 
@@ -437,7 +445,7 @@ class account_bank_statement(osv.osv):
     def create_move_from_st_line(self, cr, uid, st_line_id, company_currency_id, st_line_number, context=None):
         account_move_line_pool = self.pool.get('account.move.line')
         account_bank_statement_line_pool = self.pool.get('account.bank.statement.line')
-        st_line = account_bank_statement_line_pool.browse(cr, uid, st_line_id, context)
+        st_line = account_bank_statement_line_pool.browse(cr, uid, st_line_id, context=context)
         result = super(account_bank_statement,self).create_move_from_st_line(cr, uid, st_line_id, company_currency_id, st_line_number, context=context)
         move = st_line.move_ids and st_line.move_ids[0] or False
         if move:
@@ -447,7 +455,7 @@ class account_bank_statement(osv.osv):
 
     def button_confirm_bank(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         super(account_bank_statement,self).button_confirm_bank(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
-        for st in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for st in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for st_line in st.line_ids:
                 if st_line.analytics_id:
                     if not st.journal_id.analytic_journal_id:
diff --git a/addons/account_analytic_plans/wizard/analytic_plan_create_model.py b/addons/account_analytic_plans/wizard/analytic_plan_create_model.py
index 777421798cd..0581197aaca 100644
--- a/addons/account_analytic_plans/wizard/analytic_plan_create_model.py
+++ b/addons/account_analytic_plans/wizard/analytic_plan_create_model.py
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ class analytic_plan_create_model(osv.osv_memory):
         plan_obj = self.pool.get('account.analytic.plan.instance')
         mod_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         anlytic_plan_obj = self.pool.get('account.analytic.plan')
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         if 'active_id' in context and context['active_id']:
             plan = plan_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['active_id'], context=context)
             if (not plan.name) or (not plan.code):
diff --git a/addons/account_anglo_saxon/invoice.py b/addons/account_anglo_saxon/invoice.py
index ff356547a83..a0aab8298dc 100644
--- a/addons/account_anglo_saxon/invoice.py
+++ b/addons/account_anglo_saxon/invoice.py
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ class account_invoice_line(osv.osv):
     _inherit = "account.invoice.line"
     
     def move_line_get(self, cr, uid, invoice_id, context=None):
-        res = super(account_invoice_line,self).move_line_get(cr, uid, invoice_id, context)
-        inv = self.pool.get('account.invoice').browse(cr, uid, invoice_id)
+        res = super(account_invoice_line,self).move_line_get(cr, uid, invoice_id, context=context)
+        inv = self.pool.get('account.invoice').browse(cr, uid, invoice_id, context=context)
         if inv.type in ('out_invoice','out_refund'):
             for i_line in inv.invoice_line:
                 if i_line.product_id:
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class account_invoice_line(osv.osv):
                 if not oa:
                     oa = product_obj.categ_id.property_stock_account_output_categ and product_obj.categ_id.property_stock_account_output_categ.id
             if oa:
-                fpos = fposition_id and self.pool.get('account.fiscal.position').browse(cr, uid, fposition_id) or False
+                fpos = fposition_id and self.pool.get('account.fiscal.position').browse(cr, uid, fposition_id, context=context) or False
                 a = self.pool.get('account.fiscal.position').map_account(cr, uid, fpos, oa)
                 res['value'].update({'account_id':a})            
         return res
diff --git a/addons/account_anglo_saxon/stock.py b/addons/account_anglo_saxon/stock.py
index 6b0f367abf0..a544b9a6e2a 100644
--- a/addons/account_anglo_saxon/stock.py
+++ b/addons/account_anglo_saxon/stock.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class stock_picking(osv.osv):
     def action_invoice_create(self, cr, uid, ids, journal_id=False,
             group=False, type='out_invoice', context=None):
         '''Return ids of created invoices for the pickings'''
-        res = super(stock_picking,self).action_invoice_create(cr, uid, ids, journal_id, group, type, context)
+        res = super(stock_picking,self).action_invoice_create(cr, uid, ids, journal_id, group, type, context=context)
         if type == 'in_refund':
             for inv in self.pool.get('account.invoice').browse(cr, uid, res.values(), context=context):
                 for ol in inv.invoice_line:
diff --git a/addons/account_budget/account_budget.py b/addons/account_budget/account_budget.py
index 87b7573a68a..f6e7c7e3990 100644
--- a/addons/account_budget/account_budget.py
+++ b/addons/account_budget/account_budget.py
@@ -108,10 +108,12 @@ crossovered_budget()
 
 class crossovered_budget_lines(osv.osv):
 
-    def _prac_amt(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def _prac_amt(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         res = {}
         result = 0.0
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             acc_ids = [x.id for x in line.general_budget_id.account_ids]
             if not acc_ids:
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Error!'),_("The General Budget '%s' has no Accounts!") % str(line.general_budget_id.name))
@@ -131,15 +133,17 @@ class crossovered_budget_lines(osv.osv):
             res[line.id] = result
         return res
 
-    def _prac(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context):
+    def _prac(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
         res={}
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[line.id] = self._prac_amt(cr, uid, [line.id], context=context)[line.id]
         return res
 
-    def _theo_amt(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def _theo_amt(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         res = {}
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             today = datetime.datetime.today()
             date_to = today.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
             date_from = line.date_from
@@ -167,15 +171,15 @@ class crossovered_budget_lines(osv.osv):
             res[line.id] = theo_amt
         return res
 
-    def _theo(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context):
+    def _theo(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
         res = {}
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[line.id] = self._theo_amt(cr, uid, [line.id], context=context)[line.id]
         return res
 
-    def _perc(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context):
+    def _perc(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
         res = {}
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if line.theoritical_amount <> 0.00:
                 res[line.id] = float(line.practical_amount or 0.0 / line.theoritical_amount) * 100
             else:
diff --git a/addons/account_budget/wizard/account_budget_analytic.py b/addons/account_budget/wizard/account_budget_analytic.py
index ef970c92904..b2a33434016 100644
--- a/addons/account_budget/wizard/account_budget_analytic.py
+++ b/addons/account_budget/wizard/account_budget_analytic.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class account_budget_analytic(osv.osv_memory):
         datas = {}
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids)[0]
+        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         datas = {
              'ids': context.get('active_ids',[]),
              'model': 'account.analytic.account',
diff --git a/addons/account_budget/wizard/account_budget_crossovered_report.py b/addons/account_budget/wizard/account_budget_crossovered_report.py
index 99c6989e845..5667a264d2a 100644
--- a/addons/account_budget/wizard/account_budget_crossovered_report.py
+++ b/addons/account_budget/wizard/account_budget_crossovered_report.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class account_budget_crossvered_report(osv.osv_memory):
         datas = {}
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids)[0]
+        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         datas = {
              'ids': context.get('active_ids',[]),
              'model': 'crossovered.budget',
diff --git a/addons/account_budget/wizard/account_budget_crossovered_summary_report.py b/addons/account_budget/wizard/account_budget_crossovered_summary_report.py
index ad0237af051..c2e34b2f2da 100644
--- a/addons/account_budget/wizard/account_budget_crossovered_summary_report.py
+++ b/addons/account_budget/wizard/account_budget_crossovered_summary_report.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class account_budget_crossvered_summary_report(osv.osv_memory):
         datas = {}
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids)[0]
+        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         datas = {
              'ids': context.get('active_ids',[]),
              'model': 'crossovered.budge',
diff --git a/addons/account_budget/wizard/account_budget_report.py b/addons/account_budget/wizard/account_budget_report.py
index 67359cf45f1..a85ff42fe4d 100644
--- a/addons/account_budget/wizard/account_budget_report.py
+++ b/addons/account_budget/wizard/account_budget_report.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class account_budget_report(osv.osv_memory):
         datas = {}
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids)[0]
+        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         datas = {
              'ids': context.get('active_ids',[]),
              'model': 'account.budget.post',
diff --git a/addons/account_coda/account_coda.py b/addons/account_coda/account_coda.py
index 0bb7228d821..e2cde58fd5c 100644
--- a/addons/account_coda/account_coda.py
+++ b/addons/account_coda/account_coda.py
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ class account_coda(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def search(self, cr, user, args, offset=0, limit=None, order=None, context=None, count=False):
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         res = super(account_coda, self).search(cr, user, args=args, offset=offset, limit=limit, order=order,
                 context=context, count=count)
         if context.get('bank_statement', False) and not res:
diff --git a/addons/account_coda/wizard/account_coda_import.py b/addons/account_coda/wizard/account_coda_import.py
index a52528e2fa5..6d3743116db 100644
--- a/addons/account_coda/wizard/account_coda_import.py
+++ b/addons/account_coda/wizard/account_coda_import.py
@@ -66,13 +66,13 @@ class account_coda_import(osv.osv_memory):
         mod_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         line_obj = self.pool.get('account.move.line')
 
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids)[0]
 
         codafile = data['coda']
-        journal_code = journal_obj.browse(cr, uid, data['journal_id'], context).code
+        journal_code = journal_obj.browse(cr, uid, data['journal_id'], context=context).code
 
         period = account_period_obj.find(cr, uid, context=context)[0]
         def_pay_acc = data['def_payable']
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ class account_coda_import(osv.osv_memory):
                     bank_ids = partner_bank_obj.search(cr, uid, [('acc_number', '=', st_line_partner_acc)])
                     bank_statement_lines[st_line_name].update({'cntry_number': cntry_number, 'contry_name': contry_name})
                     if bank_ids:
-                        bank = partner_bank_obj.browse(cr, uid, bank_ids[0], context)
+                        bank = partner_bank_obj.browse(cr, uid, bank_ids[0], context=context)
                         if line and bank.partner_id:
                             bank_statement_lines[st_line_name].update({'partner_id': bank.partner_id.id})
                             if bank_statement_lines[st_line_name]['amount'] < 0:
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ class account_coda_import(osv.osv_memory):
         }
 
     def action_open_window(self, cr, uid, data, context=None):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         return {
diff --git a/addons/account_followup/report/account_followup_print.py b/addons/account_followup/report/account_followup_print.py
index 8bfb3fff1a9..30cbe058fd4 100644
--- a/addons/account_followup/report/account_followup_print.py
+++ b/addons/account_followup/report/account_followup_print.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class report_rappel(report_sxw.rml_parse):
         movelines = moveline_obj.read(self.cr, self.uid, movelines)
         return movelines
 
-    def _get_text(self, partner, followup_id, context={}):
+    def _get_text(self, partner, followup_id, context=None):
         fp_obj = pooler.get_pool(self.cr.dbname).get('account_followup.followup')
         fp_line = fp_obj.browse(self.cr, self.uid, followup_id).followup_line
         li_delay = []
diff --git a/addons/account_followup/wizard/account_followup_print.py b/addons/account_followup/wizard/account_followup_print.py
index 174061438f8..7d296f74f76 100644
--- a/addons/account_followup/wizard/account_followup_print.py
+++ b/addons/account_followup/wizard/account_followup_print.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class account_followup_print(osv.osv_memory):
             context = {}
         if context.get('active_model', 'ir.ui.menu') == 'account_followup.followup':
             return context.get('active_id', False)
-        company_id = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid).company_id.id
+        company_id = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id.id
         followp_id = self.pool.get('account_followup.followup').search(cr, uid, [('company_id', '=', company_id)], context=context)
         return followp_id and followp_id[0] or False
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class account_followup_print(osv.osv_memory):
 
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [])[0]
+        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
         model_data_ids = mod_obj.search(cr, uid, [('model','=','ir.ui.view'),('name','=','view_account_followup_print_all')], context=context)
         resource_id = mod_obj.read(cr, uid, model_data_ids, fields=['res_id'], context=context)[0]['res_id']
         context.update({'followup_id': data['followup_id'], 'date':data['date']})
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class account_followup_print_all(osv.osv_memory):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
         if ids:
-            data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [])[0]
+            data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
         cr.execute(
             "SELECT l.partner_id, l.followup_line_id,l.date_maturity, l.date, l.id "\
             "FROM account_move_line AS l "\
@@ -208,14 +208,14 @@ class account_followup_print_all(osv.osv_memory):
 
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [])[0]
+        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
         model_data_ids = mod_obj.search(cr, uid, [('model','=','ir.ui.view'),('name','=','view_account_followup_print_all_msg')], context=context)
         resource_id = mod_obj.read(cr, uid, model_data_ids, fields=['res_id'], context=context)[0]['res_id']
         if data['email_conf']:
             msg_sent = ''
             msg_unsent = ''
-            data_user = user_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid)
-            move_lines = line_obj.browse(cr, uid, data['partner_ids'])
+            data_user = user_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context)
+            move_lines = line_obj.browse(cr, uid, data['partner_ids'], context=context)
             partners = []
             dict_lines = {}
             for line in move_lines:
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ class account_followup_print_all(osv.osv_memory):
                 dict_lines[line.name.id] =line
             for partner in partners:
                 ids_lines = move_obj.search(cr,uid,[('partner_id','=',partner.id),('reconcile_id','=',False),('account_id.type','in',['receivable'])])
-                data_lines = move_obj.browse(cr, uid, ids_lines)
+                data_lines = move_obj.browse(cr, uid, ids_lines, context=context)
                 followup_data = dict_lines[partner.id]
                 dest = False
                 if partner.address:
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ class account_followup_print_all(osv.osv_memory):
     def do_print(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [])[0]
+        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
         res = self._get_partners_followp(cr, uid, ids, context)['to_update']
         to_update = res
         data['followup_id'] = 'followup_id' in context and context['followup_id'] or False
diff --git a/addons/account_invoice_layout/account_invoice_layout.py b/addons/account_invoice_layout/account_invoice_layout.py
index 2c2a02d4b9d..3337710420f 100644
--- a/addons/account_invoice_layout/account_invoice_layout.py
+++ b/addons/account_invoice_layout/account_invoice_layout.py
@@ -127,13 +127,12 @@ class account_invoice_line(osv.osv):
     def copy_data(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
         if default is None:
             default = {}
-        default['state'] = self.browse(cr, uid, id).state
+        default['state'] = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context=context).state
         return super(account_invoice_line, self).copy_data(cr, uid, id, default, context)
 
     def _fnct(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
         res = {}
-
-        lines = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+        lines = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         account_ids = [line.account_id.id for line in lines]
         account_names = dict(self.pool.get('account.account').name_get(cr, uid, account_ids, context=context))
         for line in lines:
@@ -180,7 +179,7 @@ account_invoice_line()
 class one2many_mod2(fields.one2many):
 
     def get(self, cr, obj, ids, name, user=None, offset=0, context=None, values=None):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         if not values:
             values = {}
diff --git a/addons/account_invoice_layout/wizard/account_invoice_special_message.py b/addons/account_invoice_layout/wizard/account_invoice_special_message.py
index adc3261fa64..a0bd6b328c3 100644
--- a/addons/account_invoice_layout/wizard/account_invoice_special_message.py
+++ b/addons/account_invoice_layout/wizard/account_invoice_special_message.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class account_invoice_special_msg(osv.osv_memory):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
 
-        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [])[0]
+        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
         datas = {
              'ids': context.get('active_ids',[]),
              'model': 'account.invoice',
diff --git a/addons/account_payment/account_move_line.py b/addons/account_payment/account_move_line.py
index 638b75dcaaa..68bb33ca4e5 100644
--- a/addons/account_payment/account_move_line.py
+++ b/addons/account_payment/account_move_line.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ from tools.translate import _
 class account_move_line(osv.osv):
     _inherit = "account.move.line"
 
-    def amount_to_pay(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg={}, context={}):
+    def amount_to_pay(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg={}, context=None):
         """ Return the amount still to pay regarding all the payemnt orders
         (excepting cancelled orders)"""
         if not ids:
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class account_move_line(osv.osv):
         r = dict(cr.fetchall())
         return r
 
-    def _to_pay_search(self, cr, uid, obj, name, args, context):
+    def _to_pay_search(self, cr, uid, obj, name, args, context=None):
         if not args:
             return []
         line_obj = self.pool.get('account.move.line')
diff --git a/addons/account_payment/account_payment.py b/addons/account_payment/account_payment.py
index 63d78812946..d5858d94f80 100644
--- a/addons/account_payment/account_payment.py
+++ b/addons/account_payment/account_payment.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class payment_mode(osv.osv):
         'company_id': lambda self,cr,uid,c: self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, c).company_id.id
     }
 
-    def suitable_bank_types(self, cr, uid, payment_code=None, context={}):
+    def suitable_bank_types(self, cr, uid, payment_code=None, context=None):
         """Return the codes of the bank type that are suitable
         for the given payment type code"""
         if not payment_code:
@@ -267,10 +267,10 @@ class payment_line(osv.osv):
                     line.amount_currency, context=ctx)
         return res
 
-    def _get_currency(self, cr, uid, context):
+    def _get_currency(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         user_obj = self.pool.get('res.users')
         currency_obj = self.pool.get('res.currency')
-        user = user_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid)
+        user = user_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context)
 
         if user.company_id:
             return user.company_id.currency_id.id
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ class payment_line(osv.osv):
         date = False
 
         if context.get('order_id') and context['order_id']:
-            order = payment_order_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['order_id'], context)
+            order = payment_order_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['order_id'], context=context)
             if order.date_prefered == 'fixed':
                 date = order.date_scheduled
             else:
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ class payment_line(osv.osv):
         data['amount_currency'] = data['communication'] = data['partner_id'] = data['reference'] = data['date_created'] = data['bank_id'] = data['amount'] = False
 
         if move_line_id:
-            line = move_line_obj.browse(cr, uid, move_line_id)
+            line = move_line_obj.browse(cr, uid, move_line_id, context=context)
             data['amount_currency'] = line.amount_to_pay
 
             res = self.onchange_amount(cr, uid, ids, data['amount_currency'], currency,
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ class payment_line(osv.osv):
         data['info_partner'] = data['bank_id'] = False
 
         if partner_id:
-            part_obj = partner_obj.browse(cr, uid, partner_id)
+            part_obj = partner_obj.browse(cr, uid, partner_id, context=context)
             partner = part_obj.name or ''
 
             if part_obj.address:
diff --git a/addons/account_payment/wizard/account_payment_order.py b/addons/account_payment/wizard/account_payment_order.py
index 662ed495d31..b8328aee333 100644
--- a/addons/account_payment/wizard/account_payment_order.py
+++ b/addons/account_payment/wizard/account_payment_order.py
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class payment_order_create(osv.osv_memory):
         payment_obj = self.pool.get('payment.line')
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [])[0]
+        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
         line_ids = data['entries']
         if not line_ids:
             return {}
diff --git a/addons/account_payment/wizard/account_payment_pay.py b/addons/account_payment/wizard/account_payment_pay.py
index 8e524c78959..6627ffaa614 100644
--- a/addons/account_payment/wizard/account_payment_pay.py
+++ b/addons/account_payment/wizard/account_payment_pay.py
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ class account_payment_make_payment(osv.osv_memory):
         If type is manual. just confirm the order.
         """
         obj_payment_order = self.pool.get('payment.order')
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
 #        obj_model = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
 #        obj_act = self.pool.get('ir.actions.act_window')
 #        order = obj_payment_order.browse(cr, uid, context['active_id'], context)
diff --git a/addons/account_payment/wizard/account_payment_populate_statement.py b/addons/account_payment/wizard/account_payment_populate_statement.py
index bd61d58be3f..cac06bb472a 100644
--- a/addons/account_payment/wizard/account_payment_populate_statement.py
+++ b/addons/account_payment/wizard/account_payment_populate_statement.py
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class account_payment_populate_statement(osv.osv_memory):
 
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [])[0]
+        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
         line_ids = data['lines']
         if not line_ids:
             return {}
diff --git a/addons/account_sequence/account_sequence.py b/addons/account_sequence/account_sequence.py
index 56accc5f6eb..1649a8890fa 100644
--- a/addons/account_sequence/account_sequence.py
+++ b/addons/account_sequence/account_sequence.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class account_move(osv.osv):
         obj_sequence = self.pool.get('ir.sequence')
         res = super(account_move, self).post(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         seq_no = False
-        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if move.journal_id.internal_sequence_id:
                 seq_no = obj_sequence.get_id(cr, uid, move.journal_id.internal_sequence_id.id, context=context)
             if seq_no:
diff --git a/addons/account_sequence/account_sequence_installer.py b/addons/account_sequence/account_sequence_installer.py
index f7bcb113388..d27d0aa9f32 100644
--- a/addons/account_sequence/account_sequence_installer.py
+++ b/addons/account_sequence/account_sequence_installer.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class account_sequence_installer(osv.osv_memory):
             context = {}
         jou_obj = self.pool.get('account.journal')
         obj_sequence = self.pool.get('ir.sequence')
-        record = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context)[0]
+        record = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         j_ids = []
         if record.company_id:
             company_id = record.company_id.id,
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class account_sequence_installer(osv.osv_memory):
         ir_seq = obj_sequence.create(cr, uid, vals, context)
         res =  super(account_sequence_installer, self).execute(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         journal_ids = jou_obj.search(cr, uid, search_criteria, context=context)
-        for journal in jou_obj.browse(cr, uid, journal_ids, context):
+        for journal in jou_obj.browse(cr, uid, journal_ids, context=context):
             if not journal.internal_sequence_id:
                 j_ids.append(journal.id)
         if j_ids:
diff --git a/addons/account_voucher/account_voucher.py b/addons/account_voucher/account_voucher.py
index 03ac3b87ba0..9dc496c5ec6 100644
--- a/addons/account_voucher/account_voucher.py
+++ b/addons/account_voucher/account_voucher.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from tools.translate import _
 class account_move_line(osv.osv):
     _inherit = 'account.move.line'
 
-    def _unreconciled(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context):
+    def _unreconciled(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context=None):
         res = {}
         for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[line.id] = line.debit - line.credit
@@ -49,16 +49,19 @@ account_move_line()
 
 class account_voucher(osv.osv):
 
-    def _get_type(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def _get_type(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        if context is None: context = {}
         return context.get('type', False)
 
-    def _get_period(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_period(self, cr, uid, context=None):
+        if context is None: context = {}
         if context.get('period_id', False):
             return context.get('period_id')
         periods = self.pool.get('account.period').find(cr, uid)
         return periods and periods[0] or False
 
-    def _get_journal(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_journal(self, cr, uid, context=None):
+        if context is None: context = {}
         journal_pool = self.pool.get('account.journal')
         if context.get('journal_id', False):
             return context.get('journal_id')
@@ -71,7 +74,8 @@ class account_voucher(osv.osv):
         res = journal_pool.search(cr, uid, [('type', '=', ttype)], limit=1)
         return res and res[0] or False
 
-    def _get_tax(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_tax(self, cr, uid, context=None):
+        if context is None: context = {}
         journal_pool = self.pool.get('account.journal')
         journal_id = context.get('journal_id', False)
         if not journal_id:
@@ -83,39 +87,45 @@ class account_voucher(osv.osv):
 
         if not journal_id:
             return False
-        journal = journal_pool.browse(cr, uid, journal_id)
+        journal = journal_pool.browse(cr, uid, journal_id, context=context)
         account_id = journal.default_credit_account_id or journal.default_debit_account_id
         if account_id and account_id.tax_ids:
             tax_id = account_id.tax_ids[0].id
             return tax_id
         return False
 
-    def _get_currency(self, cr, uid, context):
+    def _get_currency(self, cr, uid, context=None):
+        if context is None: context = {}
         journal_pool = self.pool.get('account.journal')
         journal_id = context.get('journal_id', False)
         if journal_id:
-            journal = journal_pool.browse(cr, uid, journal_id)
+            journal = journal_pool.browse(cr, uid, journal_id, context=context)
 #            currency_id = journal.company_id.currency_id.id
             if journal.currency:
                 return journal.currency.id
         return False
 
-    def _get_partner(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_partner(self, cr, uid, context=None):
+        if context is None: context = {}
         return context.get('partner_id', False)
 
-    def _get_reference(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_reference(self, cr, uid, context=None):
+        if context is None: context = {}
         return context.get('reference', False)
 
-    def _get_narration(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_narration(self, cr, uid, context=None):
+        if context is None: context = {}
         return context.get('narration', False)
 
     def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         if not ids:
             return []
+        if context is None: context = {}
         return [(r['id'], (str("%.2f" % r['amount']) or '')) for r in self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['amount'], context, load='_classic_write')]
 
     def fields_view_get(self, cr, uid, view_id=None, view_type=False, context=None, toolbar=False, submenu=False):
         mod_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
+        if context is None: context = {}
         if not view_id and context.get('invoice_type', False):
             if context.get('invoice_type', False) in ('out_invoice', 'out_refund'):
                 result = mod_obj.get_object_reference(cr, uid, 'account_voucher', 'view_vendor_receipt_form')
@@ -232,14 +242,15 @@ class account_voucher(osv.osv):
         'comment': 'Write-Off',
     }
 
-    def compute_tax(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def compute_tax(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         tax_pool = self.pool.get('account.tax')
         partner_pool = self.pool.get('res.partner')
         position_pool = self.pool.get('account.fiscal.position')
         voucher_line_pool = self.pool.get('account.voucher.line')
         voucher_pool = self.pool.get('account.voucher')
+        if context is None: context = {}
 
-        for voucher in voucher_pool.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for voucher in voucher_pool.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             voucher_amount = 0.0
             for line in voucher.line_ids:
                 voucher_amount += line.untax_amount or line.amount
@@ -250,10 +261,10 @@ class account_voucher(osv.osv):
                 self.write(cr, uid, [voucher.id], {'amount':voucher_amount, 'tax_amount':0.0})
                 continue
 
-            tax = [tax_pool.browse(cr, uid, voucher.tax_id.id)]
-            partner = partner_pool.browse(cr, uid, voucher.partner_id.id) or False
+            tax = [tax_pool.browse(cr, uid, voucher.tax_id.id, context=context)]
+            partner = partner_pool.browse(cr, uid, voucher.partner_id.id, context=context) or False
             taxes = position_pool.map_tax(cr, uid, partner and partner.property_account_position or False, tax)
-            tax = tax_pool.browse(cr, uid, taxes)
+            tax = tax_pool.browse(cr, uid, taxes, context=context)
 
             total = voucher_amount
             total_tax = 0.0
@@ -277,7 +288,7 @@ class account_voucher(osv.osv):
             self.write(cr, uid, [voucher.id], {'amount':total, 'tax_amount':total_tax})
         return True
 
-    def onchange_price(self, cr, uid, ids, line_ids, tax_id, partner_id=False, context={}):
+    def onchange_price(self, cr, uid, ids, line_ids, tax_id, partner_id=False, context=None):
         tax_pool = self.pool.get('account.tax')
         partner_pool = self.pool.get('res.partner')
         position_pool = self.pool.get('account.fiscal.position')
@@ -299,11 +310,11 @@ class account_voucher(osv.osv):
         total = voucher_total
         total_tax = 0.0
         if tax_id:
-            tax = [tax_pool.browse(cr, uid, tax_id)]
+            tax = [tax_pool.browse(cr, uid, tax_id, context=context)]
             if partner_id:
-                partner = partner_pool.browse(cr, uid, partner_id) or False
+                partner = partner_pool.browse(cr, uid, partner_id, context=context) or False
                 taxes = position_pool.map_tax(cr, uid, partner and partner.property_account_position or False, tax)
-                tax = tax_pool.browse(cr, uid, taxes)
+                tax = tax_pool.browse(cr, uid, taxes, context=context)
 
             if not tax[0].price_include:
                 for tax_line in tax_pool.compute_all(cr, uid, tax, voucher_total, 1).get('taxes', []):
@@ -332,7 +343,7 @@ class account_voucher(osv.osv):
             })
         return {'value':default}
 
-    def onchange_journal_voucher(self, cr, uid, ids, line_ids=False, tax_id=False, price=0.0, partner_id=False, journal_id=False, ttype=False, context={}):
+    def onchange_journal_voucher(self, cr, uid, ids, line_ids=False, tax_id=False, price=0.0, partner_id=False, journal_id=False, ttype=False, context=None):
         """price
         Returns a dict that contains new values and context
 
@@ -352,8 +363,8 @@ class account_voucher(osv.osv):
         partner_pool = self.pool.get('res.partner')
         journal_pool = self.pool.get('account.journal')
 
-        journal = journal_pool.browse(cr, uid, journal_id)
-        partner = partner_pool.browse(cr, uid, partner_id)
+        journal = journal_pool.browse(cr, uid, journal_id, context=context)
+        partner = partner_pool.browse(cr, uid, partner_id, context=context)
         account_id = False
         tr_type = False
         if journal.type in ('sale','sale_refund'):
@@ -411,8 +422,8 @@ class account_voucher(osv.osv):
                 line_pool.unlink(cr, uid, line_ids)
             return default
 
-        journal = journal_pool.browse(cr, uid, journal_id)
-        partner = partner_pool.browse(cr, uid, partner_id)
+        journal = journal_pool.browse(cr, uid, journal_id, context=context)
+        partner = partner_pool.browse(cr, uid, partner_id, context=context)
         account_id = False
         if journal.type in ('sale','sale_refund'):
             account_id = partner.property_account_receivable.id
@@ -441,7 +452,7 @@ class account_voucher(osv.osv):
         else:
             ids = context['move_line_ids']
         ids.reverse()
-        moves = move_line_pool.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+        moves = move_line_pool.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
 
         company_currency = journal.company_id.currency_id.id
         if company_currency != currency_id and ttype == 'payment':
@@ -496,7 +507,7 @@ class account_voucher(osv.osv):
 
         return default
 
-    def onchange_date(self, cr, user, ids, date, context={}):
+    def onchange_date(self, cr, user, ids, date, context=None):
         """
         @param date: latest value from user input for field date
         @param args: other arguments
@@ -513,11 +524,11 @@ class account_voucher(osv.osv):
             }
         }
 
-    def onchange_journal(self, cr, uid, ids, journal_id, line_ids, tax_id, partner_id, context={}):
+    def onchange_journal(self, cr, uid, ids, journal_id, line_ids, tax_id, partner_id, context=None):
         if not journal_id:
             return False
         journal_pool = self.pool.get('account.journal')
-        journal = journal_pool.browse(cr, uid, journal_id)
+        journal = journal_pool.browse(cr, uid, journal_id, context=context)
         account_id = journal.default_credit_account_id or journal.default_debit_account_id
         tax_id = False
         if account_id and account_id.tax_ids:
@@ -535,18 +546,18 @@ class account_voucher(osv.osv):
         self.action_move_line_create(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         return True
 
-    def action_cancel_draft(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def action_cancel_draft(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         wf_service = netsvc.LocalService("workflow")
         for voucher_id in ids:
             wf_service.trg_create(uid, 'account.voucher', voucher_id, cr)
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'draft'})
         return True
 
-    def cancel_voucher(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def cancel_voucher(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         reconcile_pool = self.pool.get('account.move.reconcile')
         move_pool = self.pool.get('account.move')
 
-        for voucher in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for voucher in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             recs = []
             for line in voucher.move_ids:
                 if line.reconcile_id:
@@ -600,14 +611,14 @@ class account_voucher(osv.osv):
                 terms = term_pool.compute(cr, uid, term_id, amount)
                 return terms
             return False
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         move_pool = self.pool.get('account.move')
         move_line_pool = self.pool.get('account.move.line')
         currency_pool = self.pool.get('res.currency')
         tax_obj = self.pool.get('account.tax')
         seq_obj = self.pool.get('ir.sequence')
-        for inv in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for inv in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if inv.move_id:
                 continue
             if inv.number:
@@ -787,7 +798,7 @@ class account_voucher_line(osv.osv):
     def _compute_balance(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
         currency_pool = self.pool.get('res.currency')
         rs_data = {}
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res = {}
             company_currency = line.voucher_id.journal_id.company_id.currency_id.id
             voucher_currency = line.voucher_id.currency_id.id
@@ -827,7 +838,7 @@ class account_voucher_line(osv.osv):
         'name': ''
     }
 
-    def onchange_move_line_id(self, cr, user, ids, move_line_id, context={}):
+    def onchange_move_line_id(self, cr, user, ids, move_line_id, context=None):
         """
         Returns a dict that contains new values and context
 
@@ -862,6 +873,8 @@ class account_voucher_line(osv.osv):
 
         @return: Returns a dict that contains default values for fields
         """
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         journal_id = context.get('journal_id', False)
         partner_id = context.get('partner_id', False)
         journal_pool = self.pool.get('account.journal')
@@ -869,7 +882,7 @@ class account_voucher_line(osv.osv):
         values = super(account_voucher_line, self).default_get(cr, user, fields_list, context=context)
         if (not journal_id) or ('account_id' not in fields_list):
             return values
-        journal = journal_pool.browse(cr, user, journal_id)
+        journal = journal_pool.browse(cr, user, journal_id, context=context)
         account_id = False
         ttype = 'cr'
         if journal.type in ('sale', 'sale_refund'):
@@ -898,7 +911,7 @@ class account_bank_statement(osv.osv):
 
     def button_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         voucher_obj = self.pool.get('account.voucher')
-        for st in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for st in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             voucher_ids = []
             for line in st.line_ids:
                 if line.voucher_id:
@@ -958,7 +971,7 @@ class account_bank_statement_line(osv.osv):
 
     def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         voucher_obj = self.pool.get('account.voucher')
-        statement_line = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context)
+        statement_line = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         unlink_ids = []
         for st_line in statement_line:
             if st_line.voucher_id:
diff --git a/addons/account_voucher/wizard/account_statement_from_invoice.py b/addons/account_voucher/wizard/account_statement_from_invoice.py
index 9b6400b15a9..fa1a66e0135 100644
--- a/addons/account_voucher/wizard/account_statement_from_invoice.py
+++ b/addons/account_voucher/wizard/account_statement_from_invoice.py
@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ class account_statement_from_invoice_lines(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
     def populate_statement(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         statement_id = context.get('statement_id', False)
         if not statement_id:
             return {}
@@ -134,7 +135,8 @@ class account_statement_from_invoice(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
     def search_invoices(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         line_obj = self.pool.get('account.move.line')
         statement_obj = self.pool.get('account.bank.statement')
         journal_obj = self.pool.get('account.journal')
diff --git a/addons/account_voucher/wizard/account_voucher_unreconcile.py b/addons/account_voucher/wizard/account_voucher_unreconcile.py
index 69aa6e1181d..2bfdfd1ecf8 100644
--- a/addons/account_voucher/wizard/account_voucher_unreconcile.py
+++ b/addons/account_voucher/wizard/account_voucher_unreconcile.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class account_voucher_unreconcile(osv.osv_memory):
         voucher_pool = self.pool.get('account.voucher')
         reconcile_pool = self.pool.get('account.move.reconcile')
         if context.get('active_id'):
-            voucher = voucher_pool.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id'), context)
+            voucher = voucher_pool.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id'), context=context)
             recs = []
             for line in voucher.move_ids:
                 if line.reconcile_id:
diff --git a/addons/analytic/analytic.py b/addons/analytic/analytic.py
index 58f2357d452..e1c17cfacd5 100644
--- a/addons/analytic/analytic.py
+++ b/addons/analytic/analytic.py
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class account_analytic_account(osv.osv):
     def name_search(self, cr, uid, name, args=None, operator='ilike', context=None, limit=100):
         if not args:
             args=[]
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
         account = self.search(cr, uid, [('code', '=', name)]+args, limit=limit, context=context)
         if not account:
diff --git a/addons/auction/auction.py b/addons/auction/auction.py
index e14799c9c7c..983bdeb0144 100644
--- a/addons/auction/auction.py
+++ b/addons/auction/auction.py
@@ -57,18 +57,16 @@ class auction_dates(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         if not ids:
             return []
-        reads = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name', 'auction1'], context)
+        reads = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name', 'auction1'], context=context)
         name = [(r['id'], '['+r['auction1']+'] '+ r['name']) for r in reads]
         return name
 
-    def _get_invoice(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context={}):
+    def _get_invoice(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         lots_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
         result = {}
-        for data in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for data in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             buyer_inv_ids = []
             seller_inv_ids = []
             result[data.id] = {
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ class auction_dates(osv.osv):
                 'buyer_invoice_history': seller_inv_ids,
             }
             lots_ids = lots_obj.search(cr, uid, [('auction_id','=',data.id)])
-            for lot in lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, lots_ids):
+            for lot in lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, lots_ids, context=context):
                 if lot.ach_inv_id:
                     buyer_inv_ids.append(lot.ach_inv_id.id)
                 if lot.sel_inv_id:
@@ -120,8 +118,6 @@ class auction_dates(osv.osv):
 
         RETURN: True
         """
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         lots_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
         lots_ids = lots_obj.search(cr, uid, [('auction_id', 'in', ids), ('state', '=', 'draft'), ('obj_price', '>', 0)])
         lots_obj.lots_invoice(cr, uid, lots_ids, {}, None)
@@ -194,12 +190,10 @@ class aie_category(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         res = []
         if not ids:
             return res
-        reads = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name', 'parent_id'], context)
+        reads = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name', 'parent_id'], context=context)
         for record in reads:
             name = record['name']
             if record['parent_id']:
@@ -229,8 +223,6 @@ auction_lot_category()
 # Lots
 #----------------------------------------------------------
 def _type_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
-    if not context:
-        context = {}
     obj = self.pool.get('auction.lot.category')
     ids = obj.search(cr, uid, [])
     res = obj.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name'], context)
@@ -245,23 +237,15 @@ class auction_lots(osv.osv):
     _description=__doc__
 
     def button_not_bought(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         return self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'unsold'})
 
     def button_taken_away(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         return self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'taken_away', 'ach_emp': True})
 
     def button_unpaid(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         return self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'draft'})
 
     def button_bought(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         return self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'sold'})
 
     def _getprice(self, cr, uid, ids, fields, args, context=None):
@@ -271,12 +255,10 @@ class auction_lots(osv.osv):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return: Dictionary of function fields value.
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
 
         res = {}
         account_analytic_line_obj = self.pool.get('account.analytic.line')
-        lots = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context)
+        lots = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         pt_tax = self.pool.get('account.tax')
         for lot in lots:
             taxes = []
@@ -362,8 +344,6 @@ class auction_lots(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def onchange_obj_ret(self, cr, uid, ids, obj_ret, context=None):
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         if obj_ret:
             return {'value': {'obj_price': 0}}
         return {}
@@ -430,16 +410,12 @@ class auction_lots(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def name_get(self, cr, user, ids, context=None):
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         if not ids:
             return []
         result = [ (r['id'], str(r['obj_num'])+' - '+r['name']) for r in self.read(cr, user, ids, ['name', 'obj_num'])]
         return result
 
     def name_search(self, cr, user, name, args=None, operator='ilike', context=None):
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         if not args:
             args = []
         ids = []
@@ -583,14 +559,12 @@ class auction_lots(osv.osv):
 
     def buyer_proforma(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
 
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         invoices = {}
         inv_ref = self.pool.get('account.invoice')
         res_obj = self.pool.get('res.partner')
         inv_line_obj = self.pool.get('account.invoice.line')
         wf_service = netsvc.LocalService('workflow')
-        for lot in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for lot in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not lot.obj_price>0:
                 continue
             if not lot.ach_uid.id:
@@ -643,12 +617,10 @@ class auction_lots(osv.osv):
         """
         # use each list of object in turn
         invoices = {}
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         inv_ref=self.pool.get('account.invoice')
         inv_line_obj = self.pool.get('account.invoice.line')
         wf_service = netsvc.LocalService('workflow')
-        for lot in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for lot in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not lot.auction_id.id:
                 continue
             if lot.bord_vnd_id.id in invoices:
@@ -684,7 +656,7 @@ class auction_lots(osv.osv):
             }
             inv_line_obj.create(cr, uid, inv_line, context)
             inv_ref.button_compute(cr, uid, invoices.values())
-        for inv in inv_ref.browse(cr, uid, invoices.values(), context):
+        for inv in inv_ref.browse(cr, uid, invoices.values(), context=context):
             inv_ref.write(cr, uid, [inv.id], {
                 'check_total': inv.amount_total
             })
diff --git a/addons/auction/report/huissier.py b/addons/auction/report/huissier.py
index 2718e8bedc2..1b5f7cc68d7 100644
--- a/addons/auction/report/huissier.py
+++ b/addons/auction/report/huissier.py
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ class report_custom(report_rml):
     def __init__(self, name, table, tmpl, xsl):
         report_rml.__init__(self, name, table, tmpl, xsl)
 
-    def create_xml(self,cr, uid, ids, datas, context={}):
+    def create_xml(self,cr, uid, ids, datas, context=None):
         pool= pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname)
-        lots = pool.get('auction.lots').browse(cr, uid, ids)
+        lots = pool.get('auction.lots').browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         auction = lots[0].auction_id
 
         xml = '''<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
diff --git a/addons/auction/report/report_auction.py b/addons/auction/report/report_auction.py
index 25cdab88e89..406aedbed89 100644
--- a/addons/auction/report/report_auction.py
+++ b/addons/auction/report/report_auction.py
@@ -28,8 +28,6 @@ import time
 import tools
 
 def _type_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
-    if not context:
-        context = {}
     obj = self.pool.get('auction.lot.category')
     ids = obj.search(cr, uid, [])
     res = obj.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name'], context)
diff --git a/addons/auction/report/total.py b/addons/auction/report/total.py
index a5b937c3ad8..a198a7c4416 100644
--- a/addons/auction/report/total.py
+++ b/addons/auction/report/total.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class report_custom(report_rml):
     def __init__(self, name, table, tmpl, xsl):
         report_rml.__init__(self, name, table, tmpl, xsl)
 
-    def create_xml(self, cr, uid, ids, datas, context={}):
+    def create_xml(self, cr, uid, ids, datas, context=None):
         service = netsvc.LocalService("object_proxy")
 
         lots = service.execute(cr.dbname, uid, 'auction.lots', 'read', ids, ['obj_price','ach_login','obj_comm','lot_est1','lot_est2','bord_vnd_id','ach_emp','auction_id'])
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_aie_send.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_aie_send.py
index f11c9388021..7c904cf850b 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_aie_send.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_aie_send.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class auction_lots_send_aie(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = 'auction.lots.send.aie'
     _descritption = 'Send to website'
     
-    def _date_get(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _date_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         selection = context and context.get('selection')
         if selection:
             return [('','')] + selection
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class auction_lots_send_aie(osv.osv_memory):
         'img_send': fields.boolean('Send Image also ?'),   
     }
     
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
         """ 
          To get default values for the object.
          @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ class auction_lots_send_aie(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: A dictionary which of fields with values. 
         """
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         res = super(auction_lots_send_aie, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         if 'uname' in fields and context.get('uname',False):
             res['uname'] = context.get('uname')
@@ -147,7 +149,9 @@ class auction_lots_send_aie(osv.osv_memory):
                 fname = datas[0]['name']
                 self._photo_bin_send(uname, passwd, ref, did, fname, bin)
     
-    def get_dates(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def get_dates(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         import httplib
         data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         conn = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.auction-in-europe.com')
@@ -174,14 +178,16 @@ class auction_lots_send_aie(osv.osv_memory):
             'context': context
         }
     
-    def _send(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def _send(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         import pickle, thread, sql_db
         cr.execute('select name,aie_categ from auction_lot_category')
         vals = dict(cr.fetchall())
         cr.close()
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
     
         service = netsvc.LocalService("object_proxy")
-        lots = service.execute(cr.dbname, uid, 'auction.lots', 'read', context['active_ids'],  ['obj_num','lot_num','obj_desc','bord_vnd_id','lot_est1','lot_est2','artist_id','lot_type','aie_categ'])
+        lots = service.execute(cr.dbname, uid, 'auction.lots', 'read', context.get('active_ids',[]),  ['obj_num','lot_num','obj_desc','bord_vnd_id','lot_est1','lot_est2','artist_id','lot_type','aie_categ'])
         lots_ids = []
         datas = self.read(cr, uid, ids[0],['uname','login','lang','numerotation','dates'])
         for l in lots:
@@ -211,7 +217,7 @@ class auction_lots_send_aie(osv.osv_memory):
             thread.start_new_thread(_photos_send, (cr.dbname, uid, datas['uname'], datas['password'],datas['dates'], lots_ids))
         return {}
     
-    def send_pdf(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def send_pdf(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         threaded_calculation = threading.Thread(target=self._send, args=(cr, uid, ids, context))
         threaded_calculation.start()
         return {}
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_aie_send_result.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_aie_send_result.py
index 404881b2d6b..5b2b4eca7fd 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_aie_send_result.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_aie_send_result.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class auction_lots_pay(osv.osv_memory):
     _description = 'Send results to Auction-in-europe.com'
     
     
-    def _date_get(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _date_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         selection = context and context.get('selection')
         if selection:
             return [('','')] + selection
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class auction_lots_pay(osv.osv_memory):
         'dates': fields.selection(_date_get,'Auction Date'),
     }
     
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
         """ 
          To get default values for the object.
          @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ class auction_lots_pay(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: A dictionary which of fields with values. 
         """
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         res = super(auction_lots_pay, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         if 'uname' in fields and context.get('uname',False):
             res['uname'] = context.get('uname')
@@ -96,7 +98,9 @@ class auction_lots_pay(osv.osv_memory):
             return val
         return post_multipart('auction-in-europe.com', "/bin/catalog_result.cgi", (('uname',uname),('password',passwd),('did',did)),(('file',catalog),))
     
-    def get_dates(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def get_dates(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         import httplib
         conn = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.auction-in-europe.com')
         data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
@@ -124,7 +128,9 @@ class auction_lots_pay(osv.osv_memory):
             'context': context
         }
     
-    def send(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def send(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         import pickle
         service = netsvc.LocalService("object_proxy")
         datas = self.read(cr, uid, ids[0],['uname','password','dates'])
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_catalog_flagey_report.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_catalog_flagey_report.py
index b5bff2d2858..03c8236c55c 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_catalog_flagey_report.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_catalog_flagey_report.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class auction_catalog_flagey(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = 'auction.catalog.flagey'
     _description = 'Auction Catalog Flagey'
     
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
         """ 
          To get default values for the object.
          @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class auction_catalog_flagey(osv.osv_memory):
         res = super(auction_catalog_flagey, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         return res
     
-    def view_init(self, cr, uid, fields, context):
+    def view_init(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
         """ 
          Creates view dynamically, adding fields at runtime, raises exception
          at the time of initialization of view.
@@ -53,15 +53,17 @@ class auction_catalog_flagey(osv.osv_memory):
         """
         lots_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
         auc_dates_obj = self.pool.get('auction.dates')
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         current_auction = auc_dates_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []))
         v_lots = lots_obj.search(cr, uid, [('auction_id','=',current_auction.id)])
-        v_ids = lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, v_lots)
+        v_ids = lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, v_lots, context=context)
         for ab in v_ids:
             if not ab.auction_id :
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Error!'), _('No Lots belong to this Auction Date'))
         pass
     
-    def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ 
          Prints auction catalog flagey report.
          @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -71,6 +73,8 @@ class auction_catalog_flagey(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: Report  
         """
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         datas = {'ids': context.get('active_ids',[])}
         return {
             'type': 'ir.actions.report.xml',
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_able.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_able.py
index 8ddeeca8055..369d762727a 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_able.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_able.py
@@ -31,14 +31,16 @@ class auction_lots_able(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = "auction.lots.able"
     _description = "Lots able"
     
-    def confirm_able(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def confirm_able(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
             This function Update auction lots object and set taken away field true.
             @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
             @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
             @param ids: List of auction lots able’s IDs.
         """
-        self.pool.get('auction.lots').write(cr, uid, context['active_ids'], {'ach_emp':True})
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
+        self.pool.get('auction.lots').write(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), {'ach_emp':True})
         return {}
     
 auction_lots_able()
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_auction_move.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_auction_move.py
index cb19f65172c..97330f922fe 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_auction_move.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_auction_move.py
@@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ class auction_lots_auction_move(osv.osv_memory):
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
         @param ids: List of auction lots auction move’s IDs.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
         auction_bid_line_obj = self.pool.get('auction.bid_line')
         auction_lot_history_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lot.history')
         auction_lots_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
         rec_ids =  auction_lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []))
-        for current in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for current in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not (current.auction_id and len(context.get('active_ids', []))):
                 return {}
 
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_buyer_map.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_buyer_map.py
index 98d26b83b4f..e50f11fd1ec 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_buyer_map.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_buyer_map.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class wiz_auc_lots_buyer_map(osv.osv_memory):
         'ach_uid': fields.many2one('res.partner','Buyer', required=True),
     }
 
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
         """ 
          To get default values for the object.
          @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -42,14 +42,16 @@ class wiz_auc_lots_buyer_map(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: A dictionary which of fields with values. 
         """
-        res = super(wiz_auc_lots_buyer_map,self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context)
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
+        res = super(wiz_auc_lots_buyer_map,self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         auction_lots_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
         lots_ids = auction_lots_obj.search(cr, uid, [('ach_uid', '=', ''), ('ach_login', '!=', '')])
-        for rec in auction_lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, lots_ids, context):
+        for rec in auction_lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, lots_ids, context=context):
             if (not rec.ach_uid or not rec.ach_login):
-                res.update(self._start(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context))
+                res.update(self._start(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context))
             return res
-        res.update(self._start(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context))
+        res.update(self._start(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context))
         return res
     
     def _start(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
@@ -62,10 +64,8 @@ class wiz_auc_lots_buyer_map(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: login field from current record. 
         """
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         lots_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
-        for rec in lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for rec in lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if (len(ids)==1) and (not rec.ach_uid and not rec.ach_login):
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Error'), _('No buyer is set for this lot.'))
             if not rec.ach_uid and rec.ach_login:
@@ -81,13 +81,13 @@ class wiz_auc_lots_buyer_map(osv.osv_memory):
          @param ids: List of ids 
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
         rec_ids = context and context.get('active_ids',[]) or []
         assert rec_ids, _('Active IDs not Found')
         lots_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
-        for current in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
-            for lots in lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, rec_ids, context):
+        for current in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
+            for lots in lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, rec_ids, context=context):
                 if lots.ach_login == current.ach_login:
                     lots_obj.write(cr, uid, [lots.id], {'ach_uid': current.ach_uid.id}, context=context)
         return {}
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class wiz_auc_lots_buyer_map(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: New arch of view.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
         record_ids = context and context.get('active_ids', []) or []
         res = super(wiz_auc_lots_buyer_map, self).fields_view_get(cr, uid, view_id=view_id, view_type=view_type, context=context, toolbar=toolbar,submenu=False)
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class wiz_auc_lots_buyer_map(osv.osv_memory):
         lots_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
         if record_ids:
             try:
-                for lots in lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_ids):
+                for lots in lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_ids, context=context):
                     if lots.ach_uid:
                         res['arch'] = """
                                 <form title="Mapping Result">
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_cancel.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_cancel.py
index 3d443a98e15..62313315bd9 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_cancel.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_cancel.py
@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ class auction_lots_cancel(osv.osv):
             @param context: A standard dictionary
             @return:
             """
-            if not context:
+            if context is None:
                 context={}
             lots_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
             invoice_obj = self.pool.get('account.invoice')
-            lot = lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id', False), context)
+            lot = lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id', False), context=context)
             if lot.ach_inv_id:
                     supplier_refund_inv_id = invoice_obj.refund(cr, uid, [lot.ach_inv_id.id])
             if lot.sel_inv_id:
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_enable.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_enable.py
index 65cb0c4d49e..ed6b8950d2e 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_enable.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_enable.py
@@ -28,14 +28,16 @@ class auction_lots_enable(osv.osv_memory):
         'confirm_en':fields.integer('Catalog Number')
     }
     
-    def confirm_enable(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def confirm_enable(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         This function Update auction lots object and set taken away field False.
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
         @param ids: List of auction lots enable’s IDs.
         """
-        self.pool.get('auction.lots').write(cr, uid, context['active_id'], {'ach_emp':False})
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
+        self.pool.get('auction.lots').write(cr, uid, context.get('active_id',False), {'ach_emp':False})
         return {}
     
 auction_lots_enable()
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_invoice.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_invoice.py
index 89d66f5f2d5..66bb5e42f2b 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_invoice.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_invoice.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class auction_lots_invoice(osv.osv_memory):
         'number': fields.integer('Invoice Number'),
     }
 
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context={}):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
         """
          To get default values for the object.
          @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ class auction_lots_invoice(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary
          @return: A dictionary which of fields with values.
         """
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         res = super(auction_lots_invoice, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         service = netsvc.LocalService("object_proxy")
         lots = service.execute(cr.dbname, uid, 'auction.lots', 'read', context.get('active_ids', []))
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ class auction_lots_invoice(osv.osv_memory):
 
     #TODO: recuperer id next invoice (de la sequence)???
         invoice_number = False
-        for lot in self.pool.get('auction.lots').browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):
+        for lot in self.pool.get('auction.lots').browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
             if 'objects' in fields:
                 res.update({'objects':len(context.get('active_ids', []))})
             if 'amount' in fields:
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ class auction_lots_invoice(osv.osv_memory):
                 res.update({'number':invoice_number})
         return res
 
-    def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         Create an invoice report.
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor.
@@ -101,6 +103,8 @@ class auction_lots_invoice(osv.osv_memory):
         @param ids: List of Auction lots make invoice buyer’s IDs
         @return: dictionary of  account invoice form.
         """
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         service = netsvc.LocalService("object_proxy")
         datas = {'ids' : context.get('active_ids',[])}
         res = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['number','ach_uid'])
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_make_invoice.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_make_invoice.py
index 5d32e644283..3a87a202b74 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_make_invoice.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_make_invoice.py
@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ class auction_lots_make_invoice(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary 
         @return: A dictionary which of fields with values. 
         """        
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
         res = super(auction_lots_make_invoice, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         lots_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots') 
-        for lot in lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):
+        for lot in lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
             if 'amount' in fields:
                 res.update({'amount': lot.seller_price})                
             if 'objects' in fields:
@@ -69,13 +69,13 @@ class auction_lots_make_invoice(osv.osv_memory):
         @param ids: List of Auction lots make invoice’s IDs
         @return: dictionary of  account invoice form.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
         order_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
         mod_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data') 
         result = mod_obj._get_id(cr, uid, 'account', 'view_account_invoice_filter')
         id = mod_obj.read(cr, uid, result, ['res_id'])
-        lots_ids = order_obj.seller_trans_create(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context)
+        lots_ids = order_obj.seller_trans_create(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context)
         return {
             'domain': "[('id','in', ["+','.join(map(str, lots_ids))+"])]", 
             'name': 'Seller invoices', 
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_make_invoice_buyer.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_make_invoice_buyer.py
index 5eb9a649556..dc39ccbb717 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_make_invoice_buyer.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_make_invoice_buyer.py
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ class auction_lots_make_invoice_buyer(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: A dictionary which of fields with values. 
         """        
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
         res = super(auction_lots_make_invoice_buyer, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         lots_obj=self.pool.get('auction.lots')
-        for lot in lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):
+        for lot in lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
             if 'amount' in fields:
                 res.update({'amount': lot.buyer_price})                
             if 'buyer_id' in fields:
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class auction_lots_make_invoice_buyer(osv.osv_memory):
                 res.update({'objects': len(context.get('active_ids', []))})   
         return res
 
-    def makeInvoices(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def makeInvoices(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         Create an invoice for selected lots (IDS) to BUYER_ID .
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor.
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ class auction_lots_make_invoice_buyer(osv.osv_memory):
         mod_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data') 
         result = mod_obj._get_id(cr, uid, 'account', 'view_account_invoice_filter')
         id = mod_obj.read(cr, uid, result, ['res_id'])
-        lots = order_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []))
-        for current in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):            
+        lots = order_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context)
+        for current in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             invoice_number = current.number
             for lot in lots:
                 up_auction = order_obj.write(cr, uid, [lot.id], {'ach_uid': current.buyer_id.id})
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_numerotate.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_numerotate.py
index 9c41d1d4f70..0712e21565e 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_numerotate.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_numerotate.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class auction_lots_numerotate_per_lot(osv.osv_memory):
         'obj_num': fields.integer('Catalog Number', required=True)
     }
     
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
         """ 
          To get default values for the object.
          @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -48,13 +48,14 @@ class auction_lots_numerotate_per_lot(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: A dictionary which of fields with values. 
         """
+        if context is None: context = {}
         res = super(auction_lots_numerotate_per_lot, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         active_id = context.get('active_id',False)
         active_model = context.get('active_model')
         if active_id and (active_model and active_model!='auction.lots'):
             return res
         lots_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
-        lots = lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, active_id)
+        lots = lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, active_id, context=context)
         if 'bord_vnd_id' in fields and context.get('bord_vnd_id',False):
             res['bord_vnd_id'] = context.get('bord_vnd_id')
         if 'lot_num' in fields and context.get('lot_num',False):
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ class auction_lots_numerotate_per_lot(osv.osv_memory):
             res['obj_num'] = lots.obj_num
         return res
     
-    def open_init_form(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def open_init_form(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         record_ids = context and context.get('active_ids',False) or False
         assert record_ids, _('Active IDs not Found')
         data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ class auction_lots_numerotate_per_lot(osv.osv_memory):
             'context': context
         }
     
-    def numerotate(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def numerotate(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         record_ids = context and context.get('active_ids',False) or False
         assert record_ids, _('Active IDs not Found')
         datas = self.read(cr, uid, ids[0], ['bord_vnd_id','lot_num','obj_num'])
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ class auction_lots_numerotate_per_lot(osv.osv_memory):
             'context': context
         }
     
-    def read_record(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def read_record(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         record_ids = context and context.get('active_ids',False) or False
         assert record_ids, _('Active IDs not Found')
         datas = self.read(cr, uid, ids[0], ['bord_vnd_id','lot_num'])
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ class auction_lots_numerotate_per_lot(osv.osv_memory):
                                    'lot_est2', 'obj_desc'])
         return lots_datas[0]
     
-    def test_exist(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def test_exist(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         record_ids = context and context.get('active_ids',False) or False
         assert record_ids, _('Active IDs not Found')
         data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
@@ -167,13 +168,13 @@ class auction_lots_numerotate(osv.osv_memory):
         'number': fields.integer('First Number', required=True)   
     }
    
-    def numerotate_cont(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def numerotate_cont(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         record_ids = context and context.get('active_ids',False) or False
         assert record_ids, _('Active IDs not Found')
         datas = self.read(cr, uid, ids[0], ['number'])
         nbr = int(datas['number'])
         lots_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
-        rec_ids = lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_ids)
+        rec_ids = lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_ids, context=context)
         for rec_id in rec_ids:
             lots_obj.write(cr, uid, [rec_id.id], {'obj_num':nbr})
             nbr+=1
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_sms_send.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_sms_send.py
index 094ecea1ca2..93faab41275 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_sms_send.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_lots_sms_send.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class auction_lots_sms_send(osv.osv_memory):
                'text':fields.text('SMS Message', required=True)
     }
     
-    def sms_send(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def sms_send(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
             to send sms
             
@@ -44,18 +44,18 @@ class auction_lots_sms_send(osv.osv_memory):
             @param context: A standard dictionary 
             @return: number indicating the acknowledgement
         """
-                
+        if context is None: context = {}
         lot_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
         partner_obj = self.pool.get('res.partner')
         partner_address_obj = self.pool.get('res.partner.address')
-        for data in self.read(cr, uid, ids):
-            lots = lot_obj.read(cr, uid, context['active_ids'], ['obj_num','obj_price','ach_uid'])
+        for data in self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
+            lots = lot_obj.read(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), ['obj_num','obj_price','ach_uid'])
             res = partner_obj.read(cr, uid, [l['ach_uid'][0] for l in lots if l['ach_uid']], ['gsm'], context)
             
             nbr = 0
             for r in res:
                 add = partner_obj.address_get(cr, uid, [r['id']])['default']
-                addr = partner_address_obj.browse(cr, uid, add)
+                addr = partner_address_obj.browse(cr, uid, add, context=context)
                 to = addr.mobile
                 if to:
                     tools.smssend(data['user'], data['password'], data['app_id'], unicode(data['text'], 'utf-8').encode('latin1'), to)
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_pay_buy.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_pay_buy.py
index bf6a85cf74b..dfad93dc759 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_pay_buy.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_pay_buy.py
@@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ class auction_pay_buy(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: A dictionary which of fields with values. 
         """        
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
         res = super(auction_pay_buy, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         auction_lots_obj= self.pool.get('auction.lots')       
-        for lot in auction_lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):
+        for lot in auction_lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
             if 'amount' in fields:
                 res.update({'amount': lot.buyer_price})                
             if 'buyer_id' in fields:
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class auction_pay_buy(osv.osv_memory):
                 res.update({'total': lot.buyer_price})     
         return res
     
-    def pay_and_reconcile(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def pay_and_reconcile(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         Pay and Reconcile
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor.
@@ -70,15 +70,16 @@ class auction_pay_buy(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary 
         @return: 
         """        
+        if context is None: context = {}
         lot_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
         bank_statement_line_obj = self.pool.get('account.bank.statement.line')
         
-        for datas in self.read(cr, uid, ids):
+        for datas in self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not abs(datas['total'] - (datas['amount'] + datas['amount2'] + datas['amount3'])) <0.01:
                 rest = datas['total'] - (datas['amount'] + datas['amount2'] + datas['amount3'])
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Payment aborted !'), _('You should pay all the total: "%.2f" are missing to accomplish the payment.') %(round(rest, 2)))
     
-            lots = lot_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['active_ids'], context)
+            lots = lot_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context)
             for lot in lots:
                 if datas['buyer_id']:
                     lot_obj.write(cr, uid, [lot.id], {'ach_uid': datas['buyer_id']})
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_pay_sel.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_pay_sel.py
index a6444f8d646..7265a4e7f98 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_pay_sel.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_pay_sel.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class auction_pay_sel(osv.osv_memory):
        'period_id':fields.many2one('account.period', 'Period', required=True),
     }
 
-    def pay_and_reconcile(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def pay_and_reconcile(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         Pay and Reconcile
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor.
@@ -42,9 +42,11 @@ class auction_pay_sel(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return:
         """
-        lot = self.pool.get('auction.lots').browse(cr, uid, context['active_id'], context)
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
+        lot = self.pool.get('auction.lots').browse(cr, uid, context['active_id'], context=context)
         invoice_obj = self.pool.get('account.invoice')
-        for datas in self.read(cr, uid, ids):
+        for datas in self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             account_id = datas.get('writeoff_acc_id', False)
             period_id = datas.get('period_id', False)
             journal_id = datas.get('journal_id', False)
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_payer_sel.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_payer_sel.py
index 087eacce9d7..808826cfc23 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_payer_sel.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_payer_sel.py
@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@ class auction_payer(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = "auction.payer"
     _description = "Auction payer"
     
-    def payer(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def payer(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         self.pool.get('auction.lots').write(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), {'is_ok':True, 'state':'paid'})
         return {}
     
@@ -38,14 +40,16 @@ class auction_payer_sel(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = "auction.payer.sel"
     _description = "Auction payment for seller"
     
-    def payer_sel(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def payer_sel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         This function Update auction lots object and seller paid  true.
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
         @param ids: List of auction payer sel’s IDs.
         """
-        self.pool.get('auction.lots').write(cr, uid, context['active_ids'], {'paid_vnd':True})
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
+        self.pool.get('auction.lots').write(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), {'paid_vnd':True})
         return {}
     
 auction_payer_sel()
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_taken.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_taken.py
index ff79000d898..8ada436ae5d 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_taken.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_taken.py
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ class auction_taken(osv.osv_memory):
           @param ids: List of Auction taken’s IDs
           @return: dictionary of lot_ids fields with empty list 
           """
-          if not context:
+          if context is None:
               context={}
           lot_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
-          for current in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+          for current in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
               for lot in current.lot_ids:
                   lot_obj.write(cr, uid, lot.id, {'state':'taken_away', 'ach_emp': True})
               return {'lot_ids': []}
diff --git a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_transfer_unsold_object.py b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_transfer_unsold_object.py
index d2b38811daa..8bc0cb8cb5b 100644
--- a/addons/auction/wizard/auction_transfer_unsold_object.py
+++ b/addons/auction/wizard/auction_transfer_unsold_object.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class auction_transfer_unsold_object(osv.osv):
         _name = 'auction.transfer.unsold.object'
         _description = 'To transfer unsold objects'
 
-        def _start(self, cr, uid, context):
+        def _start(self, cr, uid, context=None):
             """ 
             To initialize auction_id_from
             @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class auction_transfer_unsold_object(osv.osv):
             @return: auction_id_from
             """
             lots_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
-            rec = lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['active_id'], context)
+            rec = lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id', False), context=context)
             auction_from = rec and rec.auction_id.id or False
             return  auction_from
         
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class auction_transfer_unsold_object(osv.osv):
             'auction_id_from': _start,
         }
         
-        def transfer_unsold_object(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+        def transfer_unsold_object(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
             """ 
             To Transfer the unsold object
             @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -63,15 +63,16 @@ class auction_transfer_unsold_object(osv.osv):
             @param context: A standard dictionary 
             @return: 
             """
+            if context is None: context = {}
             bid_line_obj = self.pool.get('auction.bid_line')
             lots_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lots')
             lot_history_obj = self.pool.get('auction.lot.history')
-            line_ids= bid_line_obj.search(cr, uid, [('lot_id','in',context['active_ids'])])
+            line_ids= bid_line_obj.search(cr, uid, [('lot_id','in',context.get('active_ids', []))])
             bid_line_obj.unlink(cr, uid, line_ids)
             
-            res = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)        
+            res = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)        
             unsold_ids = lots_obj.search(cr,uid,[('auction_id','=',res[0].auction_id_from.id),('state','=','unsold')])
-            for rec in lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, unsold_ids, context):
+            for rec in lots_obj.browse(cr, uid, unsold_ids, context=context):
                 new_id = lot_history_obj.create(cr, uid, {'auction_id':rec.auction_id.id,'lot_id':rec.id,'price': rec.obj_ret, 'name': rec.auction_id.auction1})
                 up_auction = lots_obj.write(cr, uid, [rec.id], {'auction_id': res[0].auction_id_to.id,
                                                                                                 'obj_ret':None,
diff --git a/addons/audittrail/wizard/audittrail_view_log.py b/addons/audittrail/wizard/audittrail_view_log.py
index f1329b58a0d..65165c1d2d8 100644
--- a/addons/audittrail/wizard/audittrail_view_log.py
+++ b/addons/audittrail/wizard/audittrail_view_log.py
@@ -42,17 +42,15 @@ class audittrail_view_log(osv.osv_memory):
         @param ids: List of audittrail view log’s IDs.
         @return: Dictionary of  audittrail log form on given date range.
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
 
         mod_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         act_obj = self.pool.get('ir.actions.act_window')
         result = mod_obj._get_id(cr, uid, 'audittrail', 'action_audittrail_log_tree')
-        id = mod_obj.read(cr, uid, [result], ['res_id'])[0]['res_id']
-        result = act_obj.read(cr, uid, [id])[0]
+        id = mod_obj.read(cr, uid, [result], ['res_id'], context=context)[0]['res_id']
+        result = act_obj.read(cr, uid, [id], context=context)[0]
 
         #start Loop
-        for datas in self.read(cr, uid, ids):
+        for datas in self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not datas.get('from', None):
                 if  datas.get('to') <> time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"):
                     result['domain'] = str([('timestamp', '<', datas.get('to'))])
diff --git a/addons/base_action_rule/base_action_rule.py b/addons/base_action_rule/base_action_rule.py
index 9a2d720cc1a..bf34c137b5a 100644
--- a/addons/base_action_rule/base_action_rule.py
+++ b/addons/base_action_rule/base_action_rule.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class base_action_rule(osv.osv):
     _name = 'base.action.rule'
     _description = 'Action Rules'
     
-    def _state_get(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _state_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         """ Get State
             @param self: The object pointer
             @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class base_action_rule(osv.osv):
             @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values """
         return self.state_get(cr, uid, context=context)
 
-    def state_get(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def state_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         """ Get State
             @param self: The object pointer
             @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class base_action_rule(osv.osv):
             @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values """
         return [('', '')]
   
-    def priority_get(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def priority_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         """ Get Priority
             @param self: The object pointer
             @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ the rule to mark CC(mail to any other person defined in actions)."),
         return True
 
     def _create(self, old_create, model, context=None):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context  = {}
         def make_call_old(cr, uid, vals, context=context):
             new_id = old_create(cr, uid, vals, context=context)
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ the rule to mark CC(mail to any other person defined in actions)."),
         return make_call_old
     
     def _write(self, old_write, model, context=None):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context  = {}
         def make_call_old(cr, uid, ids, vals, context=context):
             if isinstance(ids, (str, int, long)):
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ the rule to mark CC(mail to any other person defined in actions)."),
         return make_call_old
 
     def _register_hook(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         for action_rule in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             model = action_rule.model_id.model
@@ -190,12 +190,12 @@ the rule to mark CC(mail to any other person defined in actions)."),
 
         return True
     def create(self, cr, uid, vals, context=None):
-        res_id = super(base_action_rule, self).create(cr, uid, vals, context)
+        res_id = super(base_action_rule, self).create(cr, uid, vals, context=context)
         self._register_hook(cr, uid, [res_id], context=context)        
         return res_id
     
     def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None):
-        res = super(base_action_rule, self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context)
+        res = super(base_action_rule, self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context=context)
         self._register_hook(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         return res
 
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ the rule to mark CC(mail to any other person defined in actions)."),
         if not scrit:
             scrit = []
 
-        for action in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for action in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             model_obj = self.pool.get(action.model_id.model)
             for obj in objects:
                 ok = self.do_check(cr, uid, action, obj, context=context)
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ the rule to mark CC(mail to any other person defined in actions)."),
 
         empty = orm.browse_null()
         rule_obj = self.pool.get('base.action.rule')
-        for rule in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for rule in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if rule.act_mail_body:
                 try:
                     rule_obj.format_mail(empty, rule.act_mail_body)
diff --git a/addons/base_calendar/base_calendar.py b/addons/base_calendar/base_calendar.py
index c567105547d..fa85b242f6a 100644
--- a/addons/base_calendar/base_calendar.py
+++ b/addons/base_calendar/base_calendar.py
@@ -106,7 +106,6 @@ def _links_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
     @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
     @return: list of dictionary which contain object and name and id.
     """
-
     obj = self.pool.get('res.request.link')
     ids = obj.search(cr, uid, [])
     res = obj.read(cr, uid, ids, ['object', 'name'], context=context)
@@ -222,7 +221,7 @@ class calendar_attendee(osv.osv):
             name += ':'
         return (name or '') + (email and ('MAILTO:' + email) or '')
 
-    def _compute_data(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context):
+    def _compute_data(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         """
         Compute data on function fields for attendee values .
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -300,7 +299,6 @@ class calendar_attendee(osv.osv):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return: list of dictionary which contain object and name and id.
         """
-
         obj = self.pool.get('res.request.link')
         ids = obj.search(cr, uid, [])
         res = obj.read(cr, uid, ids, ['object', 'name'], context=context)
@@ -649,7 +647,7 @@ true, it will allow you to hide the event alarm information without removing it.
         model_id = ir_obj.search(cr, uid, [('model', '=', model)])[0]
 
         model_obj = self.pool.get(model)
-        for data in model_obj.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for data in model_obj.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
 
             basic_alarm = data.alarm_id
             cal_alarm = data.base_calendar_alarm_id
@@ -719,7 +717,7 @@ true, it will allow you to hide the event alarm information without removing it.
         ir_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model')
         model_id = ir_obj.search(cr, uid, [('model', '=', model)])[0]
         model_obj = self.pool.get(model)
-        for datas in model_obj.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for datas in model_obj.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             alarm_ids = alarm_obj.search(cr, uid, [('model_id', '=', model_id), ('res_id', '=', datas.id)])
             if alarm_ids:
                 alarm_obj.unlink(cr, uid, alarm_ids)
@@ -794,7 +792,7 @@ class calendar_alarm(osv.osv):
                 delta = timedelta(minutes=vals['trigger_duration'])
             trigger_date = dtstart + (vals['trigger_occurs'] == 'after' and delta or -delta)
             vals['trigger_date'] = trigger_date
-        res = super(calendar_alarm, self).create(cr, uid, vals, context)
+        res = super(calendar_alarm, self).create(cr, uid, vals, context=context)
         return res
 
     def do_run_scheduler(self, cr, uid, automatic=False, use_new_cursor=False, \
@@ -1685,7 +1683,7 @@ class calendar_todo(osv.osv):
     _inherit = "calendar.event"
     _description = "Calendar Task"
 
-    def _get_date(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context):
+    def _get_date(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         """
         Get Date
         @param self: The object pointer
@@ -1701,7 +1699,7 @@ class calendar_todo(osv.osv):
             res[event.id] = event.date_start
         return res
 
-    def _set_date(self, cr, uid, id, name, value, arg, context):
+    def _set_date(self, cr, uid, id, name, value, arg, context=None):
         """
         Set Date
         @param self: The object pointer
diff --git a/addons/base_calendar/wizard/base_calendar_invite_attendee.py b/addons/base_calendar/wizard/base_calendar_invite_attendee.py
index a18388f5b3c..48f39e609f9 100644
--- a/addons/base_calendar/wizard/base_calendar_invite_attendee.py
+++ b/addons/base_calendar/wizard/base_calendar_invite_attendee.py
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ send an Email to Invited Person')
         @return: Dictionary of {}.
         """
 
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         model = False
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ send an Email to Invited Person')
 
         model_field = context.get('attendee_field', False)
         obj = self.pool.get(model)
-        res_obj = obj.browse(cr, uid, context_id)
+        res_obj = obj.browse(cr, uid, context_id, context=context)
         att_obj = self.pool.get('calendar.attendee')
         user_obj = self.pool.get('res.users')
         current_user = user_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context)
diff --git a/addons/base_calendar/wizard/base_calendar_set_exrule.py b/addons/base_calendar/wizard/base_calendar_set_exrule.py
index 995d2a98dcc..4f5d57235e5 100644
--- a/addons/base_calendar/wizard/base_calendar_set_exrule.py
+++ b/addons/base_calendar/wizard/base_calendar_set_exrule.py
@@ -82,8 +82,10 @@ class base_calendar_set_exrule(osv.osv_memory):
         @param fields: List of fields for default value
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         event_obj = self.pool.get(context.get('active_model'))
-        for event in event_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):
+        for event in event_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
             if not event.rrule:
                 raise osv.except_osv(_("Warning !"), _("Please Apply Recurrency before applying Exception Rule."))
         return False
@@ -102,7 +104,9 @@ class base_calendar_set_exrule(osv.osv_memory):
         weekstring = ''
         monthstring = ''
         yearstring = ''
-        ex_id = base_calendar.base_calendar_id2real_id(context['active_id'])
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
+        ex_id = base_calendar.base_calendar_id2real_id(context.get('active_id', False))
         model = context.get('model', False)
         model_obj = self.pool.get(model)
         for datas in self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
diff --git a/addons/base_calendar/wizard/calendar_event_edit_all.py b/addons/base_calendar/wizard/calendar_event_edit_all.py
index d17195f9a27..a9b0a9f347e 100644
--- a/addons/base_calendar/wizard/calendar_event_edit_all.py
+++ b/addons/base_calendar/wizard/calendar_event_edit_all.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from osv import fields
 
 class calendar_event_edit_all(osv.osv_memory):
 
-    def _default_values(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _default_values(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         """ Get Default value for Start Date
         @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class calendar_event_edit_all(osv.osv_memory):
                 event = model_obj.read(cr, uid, context_id, ['name', 'location', 'alarm_id'])
                 return event['date']
 
-    def _default_deadline(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _default_deadline(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         """ Get Default value for End Date
         @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class calendar_event_edit_all(osv.osv_memory):
         @param ids: List of calendar event edit all’s IDs
         @return: dictionary {}
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         context_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
diff --git a/addons/base_contact/base_contact.py b/addons/base_contact/base_contact.py
index 0147d147134..8a003ec7cf1 100644
--- a/addons/base_contact/base_contact.py
+++ b/addons/base_contact/base_contact.py
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class res_partner_contact(osv.osv):
         all_job_ids = res_partner_job_obj.search(cr, uid, [])
         all_job_names = dict(zip(all_job_ids, res_partner_job_obj.name_get(cr, uid, all_job_ids, context=context)))
 
-        for contact in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for contact in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if contact.job_ids:
                 res[contact.id] = all_job_names.get(contact.job_ids[0].id, False)
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class res_partner_contact(osv.osv):
 
     _order = "name,first_name"
 
-    def name_get(self, cr, user, ids, context={}):
+    def name_get(self, cr, user, ids, context=None):
 
         """ will return name and first_name.......
             @param self: The object pointer
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ res_partner_contact()
 class res_partner_address(osv.osv):
 
     #overriding of the name_get defined in base in order to remove the old contact name
-    def name_get(self, cr, user, ids, context={}):
+    def name_get(self, cr, user, ids, context=None):
         """
             @param self: The object pointer
             @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -131,6 +131,8 @@ class res_partner_address(osv.osv):
         if not len(ids):
             return []
         res = []
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         for r in self.read(cr, user, ids, ['zip', 'city', 'partner_id', 'street']):
             if context.get('contact_display', 'contact')=='partner' and r['partner_id']:
                 res.append((r['id'], r['partner_id'][1]))
@@ -168,7 +170,7 @@ class res_partner_job(osv.osv):
             return []
         res = []
 
-        jobs = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+        jobs = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
 
         contact_ids = [rec.contact_id.id for rec in jobs]
         contact_names = dict(self.pool.get('res.partner.contact').name_get(cr, uid, contact_ids, context=context))
@@ -238,7 +240,7 @@ class res_partner_job(osv.osv):
         partner_id = False
         if address_id:
             address = self.pool.get('res.partner.address')\
-                        .browse(cr, uid, address_id, context)
+                        .browse(cr, uid, address_id, context=context)
             partner_id = address.partner_id.id
         return {'value': {'name': partner_id}}
     
diff --git a/addons/base_contact/base_contact_installer.py b/addons/base_contact/base_contact_installer.py
index 4f4e2b2896c..6d979da7a02 100644
--- a/addons/base_contact/base_contact_installer.py
+++ b/addons/base_contact/base_contact_installer.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class base_contact_installer(osv.osv_memory):
         """
         This function is used to create contact and address from existing partner address
         """
-        obj = self.pool.get("base.contact.installer").browse(cr, uid, uid)
+        obj = self.pool.get("base.contact.installer").browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context)
         if obj.migrate:
             cr.execute("""DROP TRIGGER  IF EXISTS contactjob on res_partner_contact;
                             DROP LANGUAGE  IF EXISTS  plpgsql CASCADE;
diff --git a/addons/base_iban/base_iban.py b/addons/base_iban/base_iban.py
index b632e5f3e47..6f633c7b474 100644
--- a/addons/base_iban/base_iban.py
+++ b/addons/base_iban/base_iban.py
@@ -73,23 +73,23 @@ def _format_iban(string):
 class res_partner_bank(osv.osv):
     _inherit = "res.partner.bank"
 
-    def create(self, cr, uid, vals, context={}):
+    def create(self, cr, uid, vals, context=None):
         #overwrite to format the iban number correctly
         if 'iban' in vals and vals['iban']:
             vals['iban'] = _format_iban(vals['iban'])
         return super(res_partner_bank, self).create(cr, uid, vals, context)
 
-    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context={}):
+    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None):
         #overwrite to format the iban number correctly
         if 'iban' in vals and vals['iban']:
             vals['iban'] = _format_iban(vals['iban'])
         return super(res_partner_bank, self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context)
 
-    def check_iban(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def check_iban(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         '''
         Check the IBAN number
         '''
-        for bank_acc in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for bank_acc in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not bank_acc.iban:
                 continue
             iban = _format_iban(bank_acc.iban).lower()
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class res_partner_bank(osv.osv):
                 return False
         return True
 
-    def _construct_constraint_msg(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def _construct_constraint_msg(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
 
         def default_iban_check(iban_cn):
             return iban_cn[0] in string.ascii_lowercase and iban_cn[1] in string.ascii_lowercase
@@ -123,12 +123,12 @@ class res_partner_bank(osv.osv):
     def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         res = []
         to_check_ids = []
-        for id in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for id in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if id.state=='iban':
                 res.append((id.id,id.iban))
             else:
                 to_check_ids.append(id.id)
-        res += super(res_partner_bank, self).name_get(cr, uid, to_check_ids, context)
+        res += super(res_partner_bank, self).name_get(cr, uid, to_check_ids, context=context)
         return res
 
     def search(self, cr, uid, args, offset=0, limit=None, order=None, context=None, count=False):
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class res_partner_bank(osv.osv):
             'ch': lambda x: x[9:],
             'gb': lambda x: x[14:],
         }
-        for record in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for record in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not record.iban:
                 res[record.id] = False
                 continue
diff --git a/addons/base_module_doc_rst/base_module_doc_rst.py b/addons/base_module_doc_rst/base_module_doc_rst.py
index 9d86a191177..57b26fd0d44 100755
--- a/addons/base_module_doc_rst/base_module_doc_rst.py
+++ b/addons/base_module_doc_rst/base_module_doc_rst.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class module(osv.osv):
         'file_graph': fields.binary('Relationship Graph'),
             }
 
-    def _get_graphical_representation(self, cr, uid, model_ids, level=1, context={}):
+    def _get_graphical_representation(self, cr, uid, model_ids, level=1, context=None):
         obj_model = self.pool.get('ir.model')
         if level == 0:
             return tuple()
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class module(osv.osv):
             )
         return res
 
-    def _get_module_objects(self, cr, uid, module, context={}):
+    def _get_module_objects(self, cr, uid, module, context=None):
         obj_model = self.pool.get('ir.model')
         obj_mod_data = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         obj_ids = []
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ class module(osv.osv):
         return obj_ids
 
     def get_relation_graph(self, cr, uid, module_name, context=None):
+        if context is None: context = {}
         object_ids = self._get_module_objects(cr, uid, module_name, context=context)
         if not object_ids:
             return {'module_file': False}
diff --git a/addons/base_module_doc_rst/report/report_proximity_graph.py b/addons/base_module_doc_rst/report/report_proximity_graph.py
index 6f3db7e3273..2d3704fd5b7 100644
--- a/addons/base_module_doc_rst/report/report_proximity_graph.py
+++ b/addons/base_module_doc_rst/report/report_proximity_graph.py
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class report_graph(report.interface.report_int):
         input.close()
         return output.read()
 
-    def create(self, cr, uid, ids, data, context={}):
+    def create(self, cr, uid, ids, data, context=None):
         pdf_string = self.get_proximity_graph(cr, uid, data['id'])
         return (pdf_string, 'pdf')
 
diff --git a/addons/base_module_doc_rst/wizard/generate_relation_graph.py b/addons/base_module_doc_rst/wizard/generate_relation_graph.py
index 0d4453b0bcc..7b04f183129 100644
--- a/addons/base_module_doc_rst/wizard/generate_relation_graph.py
+++ b/addons/base_module_doc_rst/wizard/generate_relation_graph.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ form_rep = '''<?xml version="1.0"?>
     <label colspan="2" string="(Relationship Graphs generated)" align="0.0"/>
 </form>'''
 
-def _get_graph(self, cr, uid, datas, context={}):
+def _get_graph(self, cr, uid, datas, context=None):
     mod_obj = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname).get('ir.module.module')
     modules = mod_obj.browse(cr, uid, datas['ids'], context=context)
     for module in modules:
diff --git a/addons/base_module_doc_rst/wizard/wizard_tech_guide_rst.py b/addons/base_module_doc_rst/wizard/wizard_tech_guide_rst.py
index 02561c6eb5c..b7a5d6da397 100644
--- a/addons/base_module_doc_rst/wizard/wizard_tech_guide_rst.py
+++ b/addons/base_module_doc_rst/wizard/wizard_tech_guide_rst.py
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ class wizard_tech_guide_rst(wizard.interface):
             'name': 'modules_technical_guide_rst.tgz'
         }
 
-    def _get_views(self, cr, uid, module_id, context={}):
+    def _get_views(self, cr, uid, module_id, context=None):
         pool = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname)
         module_module_obj = pool.get('ir.module.module')
         res = {}
diff --git a/addons/base_module_quality/wizard/module_quality_check.py b/addons/base_module_quality/wizard/module_quality_check.py
index ef2994e6a27..9e836ec9d0e 100644
--- a/addons/base_module_quality/wizard/module_quality_check.py
+++ b/addons/base_module_quality/wizard/module_quality_check.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from osv import osv, fields
 
 class quality_check(wizard.interface):
 
-    def _create_quality_check(self, cr, uid, data, context={}):
+    def _create_quality_check(self, cr, uid, data, context=None):
         pool = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname)
         obj_quality = pool.get('module.quality.check')
         objs = []
diff --git a/addons/base_module_quality/wizard/quality_save_report.py b/addons/base_module_quality/wizard/quality_save_report.py
index 853698dee1f..7d03338e623 100644
--- a/addons/base_module_quality/wizard/quality_save_report.py
+++ b/addons/base_module_quality/wizard/quality_save_report.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fields_rep = {
   'module_file': {'string': 'Save report', 'type': 'binary', 'required': True},
 }
 
-def get_detail(self, cr, uid, datas, context={}):
+def get_detail(self, cr, uid, datas, context=None):
     data = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname).get('module.quality.detail').browse(cr, uid, datas['id'])
     if not data.detail:
         raise wizard.except_wizard(_('Warning'), _('No report to save!'))
diff --git a/addons/base_report_creator/base_report_creator.py b/addons/base_report_creator/base_report_creator.py
index d651e6206f8..28228b4ab58 100644
--- a/addons/base_report_creator/base_report_creator.py
+++ b/addons/base_report_creator/base_report_creator.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class report_creator(osv.osv):
     def export_data(self, cr, uid, ids, fields_to_export, context=None):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        data_l = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['sql_query'], context)
+        data_l = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['sql_query'], context=context)
         final_datas = []
         #start Loop
         for record in data_l:
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class report_creator(osv.osv):
         }
         return result
 
-    def read(self, cr, user, ids, fields = None, context = None, load = '_classic_read'):
+    def read(self, cr, user, ids, fields=None, context=None, load='_classic_read'):
         """
         overrides  orm Read method.Read List of fields for report creator.
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -355,13 +355,13 @@ class report_creator(osv.osv):
         """
         return self.model_set_id and 'min('+self.model_set_id+'.id)'
 
-    def _sql_query_get(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context, where_plus=[], limit=None, offset=None):
+    def _sql_query_get(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context=None, where_plus=[], limit=None, offset=None):
         """
         Get sql query which return on sql_query field.
         @return: Dictionary of sql query.
         """
         result = {}
-        for obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             fields = []
             groupby = []
             i = 0
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ class report_creator(osv.osv):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return : Dictionary value for base creator report form
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         rep = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ class report_creator(osv.osv):
 
         return value
 
-    def _function_field(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def _function_field(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         constraints function which specify that
                 not display field which are not stored in Database.
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ class report_creator(osv.osv):
         @return: True if display field which are  stored in database.
                      or false if display field which are not store in dtabase.
         """
-        this_objs = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+        this_objs = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         for obj in this_objs:
             for fld in obj.field_ids:
                 # Allowing to use count(*)
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ class report_creator(osv.osv):
                     return False
         return True
 
-    def _aggregation_error(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def _aggregation_error(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         constraints function which specify that
                 aggregate function to the non calculated field..
@@ -505,10 +505,9 @@ class report_creator(osv.osv):
         @return: True if model colume type is in integer or float.
                      or false model colume type is not in integer or float.
         """
-
         aggregate_columns = ('integer', 'float')
         apply_functions = ('sum', 'min', 'max', 'avg', 'count')
-        this_objs = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+        this_objs = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         for obj in this_objs:
             for fld in obj.field_ids:
                 # Allowing to use count(*)
@@ -519,9 +518,9 @@ class report_creator(osv.osv):
                     return False
         return True
 
-    def _calander_view_error(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def _calander_view_error(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         required_types = []
-        this_objs = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+        this_objs = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         for obj in this_objs:
             if obj.view_type1 == 'calendar' or obj.view_type2 == 'calendar' or obj.view_type3 == 'calendar':
                 for fld in obj.field_ids:
diff --git a/addons/base_report_creator/wizard/report_menu_create.py b/addons/base_report_creator/wizard/report_menu_create.py
index 84b952f976a..efa61c556d1 100644
--- a/addons/base_report_creator/wizard/report_menu_create.py
+++ b/addons/base_report_creator/wizard/report_menu_create.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class report_menu_create(osv.osv_memory):
         @param ids: List of Report Menu Create's IDs
         @return: Dictionary {}.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         context_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
         obj_menu = self.pool.get('ir.ui.menu')
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class report_menu_create(osv.osv_memory):
                 return {}
             data = data[0]
 
-            board = obj_board.browse(cr, uid, context_id)
+            board = obj_board.browse(cr, uid, context_id, context=context)
             view = board.view_type1
             if board.view_type2:
                 view += ',' + board.view_type2
diff --git a/addons/base_report_designer/base_report_designer.py b/addons/base_report_designer/base_report_designer.py
index 4897865db1e..4bb86bba035 100644
--- a/addons/base_report_designer/base_report_designer.py
+++ b/addons/base_report_designer/base_report_designer.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class report_xml(osv.osv):
             fp = open(addons.get_module_resource('base_report_designer','openerp_sxw2rml', 'normalized_odt2rml.xsl'),'rb')
         return  {'report_rml_content': str(sxw2rml(sxwval, xsl=fp.read()))}
 
-    def upload_report(self, cr, uid, report_id, file_sxw, file_type, context):
+    def upload_report(self, cr, uid, report_id, file_sxw, file_type, context=None):
         '''
         Untested function
         '''
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ class report_xml(osv.osv):
         pool.get('ir.actions.report.xml').register_all(cr)
         return True
 
-    def report_get(self, cr, uid, report_id, context={}):
-        report = self.browse(cr, uid, report_id, context)
+    def report_get(self, cr, uid, report_id, context=None):
+        report = self.browse(cr, uid, report_id, context=context)
         return {
             'file_type' : report.report_type, 
             'report_sxw_content': report.report_sxw_content and base64.encodestring(report.report_sxw_content) or False, 
diff --git a/addons/base_report_designer/installer.py b/addons/base_report_designer/installer.py
index 082383bde8c..d21fd11af00 100644
--- a/addons/base_report_designer/installer.py
+++ b/addons/base_report_designer/installer.py
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ class base_report_designer_installer(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = 'base_report_designer.installer'
     _inherit = 'res.config.installer'
 
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context={}):
-        data = super(base_report_designer_installer, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context)
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
+        data = super(base_report_designer_installer, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         plugin_file = open(addons.get_module_resource('base_report_designer','plugin', 'openerp_report_designer.zip'),'rb')
         data['plugin_file'] = base64.encodestring(plugin_file.read())
         return data
diff --git a/addons/base_report_designer/wizard/base_report_designer_modify.py b/addons/base_report_designer/wizard/base_report_designer_modify.py
index ab942b6037a..d0790cdc0ad 100644
--- a/addons/base_report_designer/wizard/base_report_designer_modify.py
+++ b/addons/base_report_designer/wizard/base_report_designer_modify.py
@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ class base_report_sxw(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
 
-    def get_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
-        data=self.read(cr,uid,ids)[0]
+    def get_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         id2 = data_obj._get_id(cr, uid, 'base_report_designer', 'view_base_report_file_sxw')
-        report = self.pool.get('ir.actions.report.xml').browse(cr, uid, data['report_id'], context)
+        report = self.pool.get('ir.actions.report.xml').browse(cr, uid, data['report_id'], context=context)
         if id2:
             id2 = data_obj.browse(cr, uid, id2, context=context).res_id
         return {
@@ -74,12 +74,11 @@ class base_report_file_sxw(osv.osv_memory):
              @return: A dictionary which of fields with values.
 
         """
-
         res = super(base_report_file_sxw, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         report_id1 = self.pool.get('base.report.sxw').search(cr,uid,[])
-        data=self.pool.get('base.report.sxw').read(cr,uid,report_id1)[0]
-        report = self.pool.get('ir.actions.report.xml').browse(cr, uid, data['report_id'], context)
-        if not context:
+        data = self.pool.get('base.report.sxw').read(cr, uid, report_id1, context=context)[0]
+        report = self.pool.get('ir.actions.report.xml').browse(cr, uid, data['report_id'], context=context)
+        if context is None:
             context={}
         if 'report_id' in fields:
             res['report_id'] = data['report_id']
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ class base_report_file_sxw(osv.osv_memory):
         'file_sxw_upload':fields.binary('Your .SXW file',required=True)
     }
 
-    def upload_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def upload_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         from base_report_designer import  openerp_sxw2rml
         import StringIO
         data=self.read(cr,uid,ids)[0]
@@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ class base_report_file_sxw(osv.osv_memory):
         cr.commit()
         data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         id2 = data_obj._get_id(cr, uid, 'base_report_designer', 'view_base_report_file_rml')
-        report = self.pool.get('ir.actions.report.xml').browse(cr, uid, data['report_id'], context)
+        report = self.pool.get('ir.actions.report.xml').browse(cr, uid, data['report_id'], context=context)
         if id2:
             id2 = data_obj.browse(cr, uid, id2, context=context).res_id
         return {
@@ -135,12 +134,12 @@ class base_report_rml_save(osv.osv_memory):
              @return: A dictionary which of fields with values.
 
         """
+        
         res = super(base_report_rml_save, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         report_id = self.pool.get('base.report.sxw').search(cr,uid,[])
-        data=self.pool.get('base.report.file.sxw').read(cr,uid,report_id)[0]
-        report = self.pool.get('ir.actions.report.xml').browse(cr, uid, data['report_id'], context)
-        if not context:
-            context={}
+        data = self.pool.get('base.report.file.sxw').read(cr, uid, report_id, context=context)[0]
+        report = self.pool.get('ir.actions.report.xml').browse(cr, uid, data['report_id'], context=context)
+        
         if 'file_rml' in fields:
             res['file_rml'] =  base64.encodestring(report.report_rml_content)
         return res
diff --git a/addons/base_setup/__init__.py b/addons/base_setup/__init__.py
index 934e1a3bdf8..85d01779842 100644
--- a/addons/base_setup/__init__.py
+++ b/addons/base_setup/__init__.py
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ class base_setup_config_choice(osv.osv_memory):
         file_data = tools.file_open(path,'rb').read()
         return base64.encodestring(file_data)
 
-    def get_users(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def get_users(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         user_obj = self.pool.get('res.users')
         user_ids = user_obj.search(cr, uid, [])
-        users = user_obj.browse(cr, uid, user_ids)
+        users = user_obj.browse(cr, uid, user_ids, context=context)
         user_str = '\n'.join(map(lambda x: '    - %s :\n\t\tLogin : %s \n\t\tPassword : %s' % (x.name, x.login, x.password), users))
         return _('The following users have been installed : \n')+ user_str
 
diff --git a/addons/base_setup/todo.py b/addons/base_setup/todo.py
index b30669382a5..c7478801598 100644
--- a/addons/base_setup/todo.py
+++ b/addons/base_setup/todo.py
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class base_setup_company(osv.osv_memory):
         company_id = companies.search(cr, uid, [], limit=1, order="id")
         if not company_id or 'company_id' not in fields_list:
             return defaults
-        company = companies.browse(cr, uid, company_id[0])
+        company = companies.browse(cr, uid, company_id[0], context=context)
         defaults['company_id'] = company.id
 
         if not self._show_company_data(cr, uid, context=context):
diff --git a/addons/base_synchro/base_synchro_obj.py b/addons/base_synchro/base_synchro_obj.py
index 64fad4cd687..f71e64cdf77 100755
--- a/addons/base_synchro/base_synchro_obj.py
+++ b/addons/base_synchro/base_synchro_obj.py
@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ class base_synchro_obj(osv.osv):
     # Return a list of changes: [ (date, id) ]
     #
 
-    def get_ids(self, cr, uid, object, dt, domain=[], context={}):
-        return self._get_ids(cr, uid, object, dt, domain, context)
+    def get_ids(self, cr, uid, object, dt, domain=[], context=None):
+        return self._get_ids(cr, uid, object, dt, domain, context=context)
 
-    def _get_ids(self, cr, uid, object, dt, domain=[], context={}):
+    def _get_ids(self, cr, uid, object, dt, domain=[], context=None):
         result = []
         if dt:
             domain2 = domain+[('write_date','>=',dt)]
diff --git a/addons/base_synchro/wizard/base_synchro.py b/addons/base_synchro/wizard/base_synchro.py
index c83ec7df0e9..d3c1de40d6d 100644
--- a/addons/base_synchro/wizard/base_synchro.py
+++ b/addons/base_synchro/wizard/base_synchro.py
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class base_synchro(osv.osv_memory):
     report_create = 0
     report_write = 0
 
-    def synchronize(self, cr, uid, server, object, context):
+    def synchronize(self, cr, uid, server, object, context=None):
         pool = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname)
         self.meta = {}
         ids = []
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class base_synchro(osv.osv_memory):
         self.meta = {}
         return True
 
-    def get_id(self, cr, uid, object_id, id, action, context={}):
+    def get_id(self, cr, uid, object_id, id, action, context=None):
         pool = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname)
         line_pool = pool.get('base.synchro.obj.line')
         field_src = (action=='u') and 'local_id' or 'remote_id'
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ class base_synchro(osv.osv_memory):
             result  = line_pool.read(cr, uid, rid, [field_dest], context=context)[0][field_dest]
         return result
 
-    def relation_transform(self, cr, uid, pool_src, pool_dest, object, id, action, context={}):
+    def relation_transform(self, cr, uid, pool_src, pool_dest, object, id, action, context=None):
         if not id:
             return False
         pool = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname)
@@ -181,10 +181,10 @@ class base_synchro(osv.osv_memory):
     #        Otherwise, use the name_search method
     #
 
-    def data_transform(self, cr, uid, pool_src, pool_dest, object, data, action='u', context={}):
+    def data_transform(self, cr, uid, pool_src, pool_dest, object, data, action='u', context=None):
         self.meta.setdefault(pool_src, {})
         if not object in self.meta[pool_src]:
-            self.meta[pool_src][object] = pool_src.get(object).fields_get(cr, uid, context)
+            self.meta[pool_src][object] = pool_src.get(object).fields_get(cr, uid, context=context)
         fields = self.meta[pool_src][object]
 
         for f in fields:
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class base_synchro(osv.osv_memory):
                 del data[f]
             elif ftype == 'many2one':
                 if data[f]:
-                    df = self.relation_transform(cr, uid, pool_src, pool_dest, fields[f]['relation'], data[f][0], action, context)
+                    df = self.relation_transform(cr, uid, pool_src, pool_dest, fields[f]['relation'], data[f][0], action, context=context)
                     data[f] = df
                     if not data[f]:
                         del data[f]
@@ -212,11 +212,11 @@ class base_synchro(osv.osv_memory):
     #
 
 
-    def upload_download(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def upload_download(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         start_date = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d, %Hh %Mm %Ss')
-        syn_obj = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)[0]
+        syn_obj = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         pool = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname)
-        server = pool.get('base.synchro.server').browse(cr, uid, ids, context)[0]
+        server = pool.get('base.synchro.server').browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         for object in server.obj_ids:
             dt = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
             self.synchronize(cr, uid, server, object, context)
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ Exceptions:
             })
             return True
 
-    def upload_download_multi_thread(self, cr, uid, data, context):
+    def upload_download_multi_thread(self, cr, uid, data, context=None):
         threaded_synchronization = threading.Thread(target=self.upload_download, args=(cr, uid, data, context))
         threaded_synchronization.run()
         data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
diff --git a/addons/base_vat/base_vat.py b/addons/base_vat/base_vat.py
index a6b396fd506..e7c4a70469f 100644
--- a/addons/base_vat/base_vat.py
+++ b/addons/base_vat/base_vat.py
@@ -52,12 +52,12 @@ class res_partner(osv.osv):
         vat_country, vat_number = vat[:2].lower(), vat[2:].replace(' ', '')
         return vat_country, vat_number
 
-    def check_vat(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def check_vat(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         '''
         Check the VAT number depending of the country.
         http://sima-pc.com/nif.php
         '''
-        for partner in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for partner in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not partner.vat:
                 continue
             vat_country, vat_number = self._split_vat(partner.vat)
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class res_partner(osv.osv):
         'vat_subjected': fields.boolean('VAT Legal Statement', help="Check this box if the partner is subjected to the VAT. It will be used for the VAT legal statement.")
     }
 
-    def _construct_constraint_msg(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def _construct_constraint_msg(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         def default_vat_check(cn, vn):
             # by default, a VAT number is valid if:
             #  it starts with 2 letters
diff --git a/addons/board/board.py b/addons/board/board.py
index 6049f501e00..8662aa5bff2 100644
--- a/addons/board/board.py
+++ b/addons/board/board.py
@@ -38,8 +38,6 @@ class board_board(osv.osv):
         @param ids: List of Board's IDs
         @return: arch of xml view.
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         board = self.pool.get('board.board').browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         left = []
         right = []
@@ -70,7 +68,7 @@ class board_board(osv.osv):
 
         return arch
 
-    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context = {}):
+    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None):
 
         """
         Writes values in one or several fields.
@@ -81,10 +79,10 @@ class board_board(osv.osv):
                      dictionary must be with the form: {‘name_of_the_field’: value, ...}.
         @return: True
         """
-        result = super(board_board, self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context)
+        result = super(board_board, self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context=context)
 
-        board = self.pool.get('board.board').browse(cr, uid, ids[0])
-        view = self.create_view(cr, uid, ids[0], context)
+        board = self.pool.get('board.board').browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
+        view = self.create_view(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
         id = board.view_id.id
         cr.execute("update ir_ui_view set arch=%s where id=%s", (view, id))
         return result
@@ -99,18 +97,16 @@ class board_board(osv.osv):
         @return: id of new created record of board.board.
         """
 
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
 
         if not 'name' in vals:
             return False
-        id = super(board_board, self).create(cr, user, vals, context)
+        id = super(board_board, self).create(cr, user, vals, context=context)
         view_id = self.pool.get('ir.ui.view').create(cr, user, {
             'name': vals['name'],
             'model': 'board.board',
             'priority': 16,
             'type': 'form',
-            'arch': self.create_view(cr, user, id, context),
+            'arch': self.create_view(cr, user, id, context=context),
         })
 
         super(board_board, self).write(cr, user, [id], {'view_id': view_id}, context)
@@ -124,8 +120,6 @@ class board_board(osv.osv):
         @return: Dictionary of Fields, arch and toolbar.
         """
 
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
 
         res = {}
         res = super(board_board, self).fields_view_get(cr, user, view_id, view_type,\
@@ -135,7 +129,7 @@ class board_board(osv.osv):
                      [('user_id', '=', user), ('ref_id' ,'=', view_id)])
         if vids:
             view_id = vids[0]
-            arch = self.pool.get('ir.ui.view.custom').browse(cr, user, view_id)
+            arch = self.pool.get('ir.ui.view.custom').browse(cr, user, view_id, context=context)
             res['arch'] = arch.arch
 
         res['toolbar'] = {'print': [], 'action': [], 'relate': []}
@@ -193,13 +187,13 @@ class board_note_type(osv.osv):
 
 board_note_type()
 
-def _type_get(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+def _type_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
     """
     Get by default Note type.
     """
     obj = self.pool.get('board.note.type')
     ids = obj.search(cr, uid, [])
-    res = obj.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name'], context)
+    res = obj.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name'], context=context)
     res = [(r['name'], r['name']) for r in res]
     return res
 
diff --git a/addons/board/wizard/board_menu_create.py b/addons/board/wizard/board_menu_create.py
index e986ac7bb3c..2b688962265 100644
--- a/addons/board/wizard/board_menu_create.py
+++ b/addons/board/wizard/board_menu_create.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class board_menu_create(osv.osv_memory):
         """
         data = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
         if data:
-            board = self.pool.get('board.board').browse(cr, uid, data)
+            board = self.pool.get('board.board').browse(cr, uid, data, context=context)
             if not board.line_ids:
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('User Error!'),
                                      _('Please Insert Dashboard View(s) !'))
@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ class board_menu_create(osv.osv_memory):
         @param ids: List of Board Menu Create's IDs
         @return: Dictionary {}.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         context_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
         if context_id:
-            board = self.pool.get('board.board').browse(cr, uid, context_id)
+            board = self.pool.get('board.board').browse(cr, uid, context_id, context=context)
             action_id = self.pool.get('ir.actions.act_window').create(cr, uid, {
                 'name': board.name,
                 'view_type': 'form',
diff --git a/addons/caldav/calendar.py b/addons/caldav/calendar.py
index a593f5e77bc..e7269b7ed89 100644
--- a/addons/caldav/calendar.py
+++ b/addons/caldav/calendar.py
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ def get_attribute_mapping(cr, uid, calname, context=None):
         @param calname: Get Calendar name
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values """
 
-    if not context:
+    if context is None:
         context = {}
     pool = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname)
     field_obj = pool.get('basic.calendar.fields')
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ def get_attribute_mapping(cr, uid, calname, context=None):
     type_id = type_obj.search(cr, uid, domain)
     fids = field_obj.search(cr, uid, [('type_id', '=', type_id[0])])
     res = {}
-    for field in field_obj.browse(cr, uid, fids):
+    for field in field_obj.browse(cr, uid, fids, context=context):
         attr = field.name.name
         res[attr] = {}
         res[attr]['field'] = field.field_id.name
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ class CalDAV(object):
             @param vals: Get Values
             @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         ids = []
         model_obj = self.pool.get(context.get('model'))
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ class Calendar(CalDAV, osv.osv):
     }
 
     def get_calendar_objects(self, cr, uid, ids, parent=None, domain=None, context=None):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         if not domain:
             domain = []
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ class Calendar(CalDAV, osv.osv):
         
 
     def get_cal_max_modified(self, cr, uid, ids, parent=None, domain=None, context=None):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         if not domain:
             domain = []
@@ -651,12 +651,12 @@ class Calendar(CalDAV, osv.osv):
             @param vobj: the type of object to export
             @return the ical data.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
            context = {}
         ctx_model = context.get('model', None)
         ctx_res_id = context.get('res_id', None)
         ical = vobject.iCalendar()
-        for cal in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for cal in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for line in cal.line_ids:
                 if ctx_model and ctx_model != line.object_id.model:
                     continue
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ class Calendar(CalDAV, osv.osv):
             @param data_id: Get Data’s ID or False
             @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         vals = []
         ical_data = content
@@ -1065,7 +1065,7 @@ class Timezone(CalDAV, osv.osv_memory):
             @param model: Get Model's name
             @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         ctx = context.copy()
         ctx.update({'model': model})
@@ -1124,8 +1124,6 @@ class Alarm(CalDAV, osv.osv_memory):
             @param alarm_id: Get Alarm's Id
             @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         valarm = vevent.add('valarm')
         alarm_object = self.pool.get(model)
         alarm_data = alarm_object.read(cr, uid, alarm_id, [])
@@ -1159,7 +1157,8 @@ class Alarm(CalDAV, osv.osv_memory):
             @param ical_data: Get calendar's Data
             @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
-
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         ctx = context.copy()
         ctx.update({'model': context.get('model', None)})
         self.__attribute__ = get_attribute_mapping(cr, uid, self._calname, ctx)
@@ -1221,7 +1220,8 @@ class Attendee(CalDAV, osv.osv_memory):
             @param ical_data: Get calendar's Data
             @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
-
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         ctx = context.copy()
         ctx.update({'model': context.get('model', None)})
         self.__attribute__ = get_attribute_mapping(cr, uid, self._calname, ctx)
@@ -1245,7 +1245,7 @@ class Attendee(CalDAV, osv.osv_memory):
             @param attendee_ids: Get Attendee's Id
             @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         attendee_object = self.pool.get(model)
         ctx = context.copy()
diff --git a/addons/caldav/calendar_collection.py b/addons/caldav/calendar_collection.py
index 52fe698647c..1258ba5bf18 100644
--- a/addons/caldav/calendar_collection.py
+++ b/addons/caldav/calendar_collection.py
@@ -65,8 +65,6 @@ class calendar_collection(osv.osv):
 
     def get_description(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         #TODO : return description of all calendars
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         return False
 
     def get_schedule_inbox_URL(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
diff --git a/addons/caldav/wizard/calendar_event_import.py b/addons/caldav/wizard/calendar_event_import.py
index 51d7e007fcf..fc54d6e77df 100644
--- a/addons/caldav/wizard/calendar_event_import.py
+++ b/addons/caldav/wizard/calendar_event_import.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class calendar_event_import(osv.osv_memory):
             context = context.copy()
         context['uid'] = uid
 
-        for data in self.read(cr, uid, ids):
+        for data in self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             model = data.get('model', 'basic.calendar')
             model_obj = self.pool.get(model)
             context.update({'model': model})
diff --git a/addons/caldav/wizard/calendar_event_subscribe.py b/addons/caldav/wizard/calendar_event_subscribe.py
index f8dc7614507..f4f9e22cc60 100644
--- a/addons/caldav/wizard/calendar_event_subscribe.py
+++ b/addons/caldav/wizard/calendar_event_subscribe.py
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class calendar_event_subscribe(osv.osv_memory):
             context = context.copy()
         context['uid'] = uid
 
-        for data in self.read(cr, uid, ids):
+        for data in self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             try:
                 f =  urllib.urlopen(data['url_path'])
                 caldata = f.fp.read()
diff --git a/addons/crm/crm.py b/addons/crm/crm.py
index 5336bdd23fb..4a8b9c089fc 100644
--- a/addons/crm/crm.py
+++ b/addons/crm/crm.py
@@ -47,27 +47,31 @@ AVAILABLE_PRIORITIES = [
 class crm_case(object):
     """A simple python class to be used for common functions """
 
-    def _get_default_partner_address(self, cr, uid, context):
+    def _get_default_partner_address(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         """Gives id of default address for current user
         @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         if not context.get('portal', False):
             return False
         return self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context).address_id.id
 
-    def _get_default_partner(self, cr, uid, context):
+    def _get_default_partner(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         """Gives id of partner for current user
         @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         if not context.get('portal', False):
             return False
-        user = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context)
+        user = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context)
         if not user.address_id:
             return False
         return user.address_id.partner_id.id
@@ -101,7 +105,7 @@ class crm_case(object):
                 })
         return super(osv.osv, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context=context)
     
-    def _get_default_email(self, cr, uid, context):
+    def _get_default_email(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         """Gives default email address for current user
         @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -110,23 +114,23 @@ class crm_case(object):
         """
         if not context.get('portal', False):
             return False
-        user = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context)
+        user = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context)
         if not user.address_id:
             return False
         return user.address_id.email
 
-    def _get_default_user(self, cr, uid, context):
+    def _get_default_user(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         """Gives current user id
         @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
-        if context.get('portal', False):
+        if context and context.get('portal', False):
             return False
         return uid
 
-    def _get_section(self, cr, uid, context):
+    def _get_section(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         """Gives section id for current User
         @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -151,13 +155,13 @@ class crm_case(object):
             return self._find_next_stage(cr, uid, stage_list, index + 1, current_seq, stage_pool)
             
     def stage_change(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None, order='sequence'):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         stage_pool = self.pool.get('crm.case.stage')
         stage_type = context and context.get('stage_type','')
         current_seq = False
         next_stage_id = False
-        for case in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for case in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             next_stage = False
             data = {}
 
@@ -237,7 +241,7 @@ class crm_case(object):
         address = self.pool.get('res.partner.address').browse(cr, uid, add)
         return {'value': {'email_from': address.email, 'phone': address.phone}}
 
-    def _history(self, cr, uid, cases, keyword, history=False, subject=None, email=False, details=None, email_from=False, message_id=False, attach=[], context={}):
+    def _history(self, cr, uid, cases, keyword, history=False, subject=None, email=False, details=None, email_from=False, message_id=False, attach=[], context=None):
         mailgate_pool = self.pool.get('mailgate.thread')
         return mailgate_pool.history(cr, uid, cases, keyword, history=history,\
                                        subject=subject, email=email, \
@@ -357,7 +361,7 @@ class crm_case(object):
         self._action(cr, uid, cases, 'draft')
         return True
 
-    def remind_partner(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}, attach=False):
+    def remind_partner(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None, attach=False):
 
         """
         @param self: The object pointer
@@ -370,7 +374,7 @@ class crm_case(object):
         return self.remind_user(cr, uid, ids, context, attach,
                 destination=False)
 
-    def remind_user(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}, attach=False,destination=True):
+    def remind_user(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None, attach=False, destination=True):
         """
         @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -379,7 +383,7 @@ class crm_case(object):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
 
         """
-        for case in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for case in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not case.section_id.reply_to:
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Error!'), ("Reply To is not specified in the sales team"))
             if not case.email_from:
@@ -421,7 +425,7 @@ class crm_case(object):
                 self._history(cr, uid, [case], _('Send'), history=True, subject=subject, email=dest, details=body, email_from=src)
         return True
 
-    def _check(self, cr, uid, ids=False, context={}):
+    def _check(self, cr, uid, ids=False, context=None):
         """
         Function called by the scheduler to process cases for date actions
         Only works on not done and cancelled cases
@@ -439,11 +443,11 @@ class crm_case(object):
                     time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')))
 
         ids2 = map(lambda x: x[0], cr.fetchall() or [])
-        cases = self.browse(cr, uid, ids2, context)
+        cases = self.browse(cr, uid, ids2, context=context)
         return self._action(cr, uid, cases, False, context=context)
 
-    def _action(self, cr, uid, cases, state_to, scrit=None, context={}):
-        if not context:
+    def _action(self, cr, uid, cases, state_to, scrit=None, context=None):
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         context['state_to'] = state_to
         rule_obj = self.pool.get('base.action.rule')
@@ -516,8 +520,8 @@ class crm_case_section(osv.osv):
     _description = "Sales Teams"
     _order = "complete_name"
 
-    def get_full_name(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context={}):
-        return  dict(self.name_get(cr, uid, ids, context))
+    def get_full_name(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
+        return  dict(self.name_get(cr, uid, ids, context=context))
 
     _columns = {
         'name': fields.char('Sales Team', size=64, required=True, translate=True),
@@ -547,7 +551,7 @@ class crm_case_section(osv.osv):
         ('code_uniq', 'unique (code)', 'The code of the sales team must be unique !')
     ]
 
-    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
 
         """
         Checks for recursion level for sales team
@@ -578,7 +582,7 @@ class crm_case_section(osv.osv):
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
         @param ids: List of sales team ids
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         res = []
@@ -653,8 +657,6 @@ def _links_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
     @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
     @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
     """
-    if not context:
-        context = {}
     obj = self.pool.get('res.request.link')
     ids = obj.search(cr, uid, [])
     res = obj.read(cr, uid, ids, ['object', 'name'], context)
diff --git a/addons/crm/crm_action_rule.py b/addons/crm/crm_action_rule.py
index f7df076e24d..477f9132fab 100644
--- a/addons/crm/crm_action_rule.py
+++ b/addons/crm/crm_action_rule.py
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ this if you want the rule to send an email to the partner."),
     }
     
 
-    def email_send(self, cr, uid, obj, emails, body, emailfrom=tools.config.get('email_from', False), context={}):
+    def email_send(self, cr, uid, obj, emails, body, emailfrom=tools.config.get('email_from', False), context=None):
         body = self.format_mail(obj, body)
         if not emailfrom:
             if hasattr(obj, 'user_id')  and obj.user_id and obj.user_id.address_id and obj.user_id.address_id.email:
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ this if you want the rule to send an email to the partner."),
                     _("No E-Mail ID Found for your Company address!"))
         return tools.email_send(emailfrom, emails, name, body, reply_to=reply_to, openobject_id=str(obj.id))
     
-    def do_check(self, cr, uid, action, obj, context={}):
+    def do_check(self, cr, uid, action, obj, context=None):
         """ @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ this if you want the rule to send an email to the partner."),
         ok = ok and res_count
         return ok
 
-    def do_action(self, cr, uid, action, model_obj, obj, context={}):
+    def do_action(self, cr, uid, action, model_obj, obj, context=None):
         """ @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ this if you want the rule to send an email to the partner."),
         return True
 
 
-    def state_get(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def state_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         """Gets available states for crm
         @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ this if you want the rule to send an email to the partner."),
         res = super(base_action_rule, self).state_get(cr, uid, context=context)
         return res  + crm.AVAILABLE_STATES
 
-    def priority_get(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def priority_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         """@param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
diff --git a/addons/crm/crm_lead.py b/addons/crm/crm_lead.py
index 8cc45c75e57..7aefcc3fb60 100644
--- a/addons/crm/crm_lead.py
+++ b/addons/crm/crm_lead.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class crm_lead(crm_case, osv.osv):
     _description = "Lead"
     _order = "date_action, priority, id desc"
     _inherit = ['mailgate.thread','res.partner.address']
-    def _compute_day(self, cr, uid, ids, fields, args, context={}):
+    def _compute_day(self, cr, uid, ids, fields, args, context=None):
         """
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class crm_lead(crm_case, osv.osv):
         res_obj = self.pool.get('resource.resource')
 
         res = {}
-        for lead in self.browse(cr, uid, ids , context):
+        for lead in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for field in fields:
                 res[lead.id] = {}
                 duration = 0
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ class crm_lead(crm_case, osv.osv):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return: Value of action in dict
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         context.update({'active_ids': ids})
 
@@ -295,9 +295,9 @@ class crm_lead(crm_case, osv.osv):
                         }
         return value
 
-    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context={}):
+    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None):
         if 'date_closed' in vals:
-            return super(crm_lead,self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context)
+            return super(crm_lead,self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context=context)
             
         if 'stage_id' in vals and vals['stage_id']:
             stage_obj = self.pool.get('crm.case.stage').browse(cr, uid, vals['stage_id'], context=context)
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ class crm_lead(crm_case, osv.osv):
                 self.write(cr, uid, ids, data)
         return stage
     
-    def message_new(self, cr, uid, msg, context):
+    def message_new(self, cr, uid, msg, context=None):
         """
         Automatically calls when new email message arrives
 
@@ -327,7 +327,6 @@ class crm_lead(crm_case, osv.osv):
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks
         """
-
         mailgate_pool = self.pool.get('email.server.tools')
 
         subject = msg.get('subject')
@@ -364,14 +363,13 @@ class crm_lead(crm_case, osv.osv):
 
         return res
 
-    def message_update(self, cr, uid, ids, vals={}, msg="", default_act='pending', context={}):
+    def message_update(self, cr, uid, ids, vals={}, msg="", default_act='pending', context=None):
         """
         @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
         @param ids: List of update mail’s IDs 
         """
-
         if isinstance(ids, (str, int, long)):
             ids = [ids]
 
diff --git a/addons/crm/crm_meeting.py b/addons/crm/crm_meeting.py
index 13784741892..cc12caf315c 100644
--- a/addons/crm/crm_meeting.py
+++ b/addons/crm/crm_meeting.py
@@ -91,9 +91,6 @@ class crm_meeting(crm_case, osv.osv):
         @return: Dictionary value which open Crm Meeting form.
         """
 
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
-
         data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
 
         value = {}
@@ -145,7 +142,7 @@ class calendar_attendee(osv.osv):
     _inherit = 'calendar.attendee'
     _description = 'Calendar Attendee'
 
-    def _compute_data(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context):
+    def _compute_data(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
        """
         @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -154,7 +151,7 @@ class calendar_attendee(osv.osv):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
        name = name[0]
-       result = super(calendar_attendee, self)._compute_data(cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context)
+       result = super(calendar_attendee, self)._compute_data(cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=context)
 
        for attdata in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             id = attdata.id
@@ -179,9 +176,7 @@ class res_users(osv.osv):
     _inherit = 'res.users'
 
     def create(self, cr, uid, data, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
-        user_id = super(res_users, self).create(cr, uid, data, context)
+        user_id = super(res_users, self).create(cr, uid, data, context=context)
         data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         try:
             data_id = data_obj._get_id(cr, uid, 'crm', 'ir_ui_view_sc_calendar0')
diff --git a/addons/crm/crm_opportunity.py b/addons/crm/crm_opportunity.py
index 44f2b1b85a4..96c811ffb9e 100644
--- a/addons/crm/crm_opportunity.py
+++ b/addons/crm/crm_opportunity.py
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class crm_opportunity(osv.osv):
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'date_open': time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')})
         return res
 
-    def onchange_stage_id(self, cr, uid, ids, stage_id, context={}):
+    def onchange_stage_id(self, cr, uid, ids, stage_id, context=None):
 
         """ @param self: The object pointer
             @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ class crm_opportunity(osv.osv):
             @stage_id: change state id on run time """
         if not stage_id:
             return {'value':{}}
-
-        stage = self.pool.get('crm.case.stage').browse(cr, uid, stage_id, context)
+        
+        stage = self.pool.get('crm.case.stage').browse(cr, uid, stage_id, context=context)
 
         if not stage.on_change:
             return {'value':{}}
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ class crm_opportunity(osv.osv):
         @return : Dictionary value for created Meeting view
         """
         value = {}
-        for opp in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for opp in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
 
             # Get meeting views
diff --git a/addons/crm/crm_phonecall.py b/addons/crm/crm_phonecall.py
index 96dde7139df..2b2066f6eb2 100644
--- a/addons/crm/crm_phonecall.py
+++ b/addons/crm/crm_phonecall.py
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class crm_phonecall(crm_case, osv.osv):
         @return : Dictionary value for created Meeting view
         """
         value = {}
-        for phonecall in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for phonecall in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
 
             # Get meeting views
diff --git a/addons/crm/report/report_businessopp.py b/addons/crm/report/report_businessopp.py
index 07751622abe..4ebdd3cc81a 100644
--- a/addons/crm/report/report_businessopp.py
+++ b/addons/crm/report/report_businessopp.py
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class report_custom(report_int):
 
     """ Create Custom Report """
 
-    def create(self, cr, uid, ids, datas, context={}):
+    def create(self, cr, uid, ids, datas, context=None):
 
         """ @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
             @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
diff --git a/addons/crm/wizard/crm_add_note.py b/addons/crm/wizard/crm_add_note.py
index 6bdf472cd97..3c57156a23f 100644
--- a/addons/crm/wizard/crm_add_note.py
+++ b/addons/crm/wizard/crm_add_note.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class crm_add_note(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
     def action_add(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         if not context.get('active_model'):
diff --git a/addons/crm/wizard/crm_lead_to_opportunity.py b/addons/crm/wizard/crm_lead_to_opportunity.py
index 852a8043623..e94ac30c605 100644
--- a/addons/crm/wizard/crm_lead_to_opportunity.py
+++ b/addons/crm/wizard/crm_lead_to_opportunity.py
@@ -124,9 +124,11 @@ class crm_lead2opportunity(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
 
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         lead_obj = self.pool.get('crm.lead')
 
-        for lead in lead_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):
+        for lead in lead_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
             if lead.state in ['done', 'cancel']:
                 raise osv.except_osv(_("Warning !"), _("Closed/Cancelled \
 Leads Could not convert into Opportunity"))
@@ -177,10 +179,10 @@ class crm_lead2opportunity_partner(osv.osv_memory):
 
         @return : Dictionary value for created Partner form.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
-        partner_ids = self._create_partner(cr, uid, ids, context)
+        partner_ids = self._create_partner(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         value = {}
         data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         data_id = data_obj._get_id(cr, uid, 'crm', 'view_crm_lead2opportunity_action')
@@ -214,6 +216,8 @@ class crm_lead2opportunity_partner(osv.osv_memory):
         @return : Dictionary value for Opportunity form
         """
         value = {}
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         data_id = data_obj._get_id(cr, uid, 'crm', 'view_crm_lead2opportunity_create')
         view_id = False
@@ -245,9 +249,11 @@ class crm_lead2opportunity_partner(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
 
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         lead_obj = self.pool.get('crm.lead')
 
-        for lead in lead_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):
+        for lead in lead_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
             if lead.state in ['done', 'cancel']:
                 raise osv.except_osv(_("Warning !"), _("Closed/Cancelled \
 Leads Could not convert into Opportunity"))
@@ -278,6 +284,8 @@ class crm_lead2opportunity_action(osv.osv_memory):
         @return : Dictionary value for Opportunity form
         """
         value = {}
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         view_id = False
         for this in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
diff --git a/addons/crm/wizard/crm_lead_to_partner.py b/addons/crm/wizard/crm_lead_to_partner.py
index 80cb4ecf69f..08e75874d67 100644
--- a/addons/crm/wizard/crm_lead_to_partner.py
+++ b/addons/crm/wizard/crm_lead_to_partner.py
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class crm_lead2partner(osv.osv_memory):
 
         @return : Dictionary value for next form.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         view_obj = self.pool.get('ir.ui.view')
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ class crm_lead2partner(osv.osv_memory):
 
         @return : Dictionary {}.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         lead_obj = self.pool.get('crm.lead')
@@ -174,8 +174,8 @@ class crm_lead2partner(osv.osv_memory):
         contact_id = False
         rec_ids = context and context.get('active_ids', [])
 
-        for data in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
-            for lead in lead_obj.browse(cr, uid, rec_ids):
+        for data in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
+            for lead in lead_obj.browse(cr, uid, rec_ids, context=context):
                 if data.action == 'create':
                     partner_id = partner_obj.create(cr, uid, {
                         'name': lead.partner_name or lead.contact_name or lead.name,
@@ -226,10 +226,10 @@ class crm_lead2partner(osv.osv_memory):
 
         @return : Dictionary value for created Partner form.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
-        partner_ids = self._create_partner(cr, uid, ids, context)
+        partner_ids = self._create_partner(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         mod_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         result = mod_obj._get_id(cr, uid, 'base', 'view_res_partner_filter')
         res = mod_obj.read(cr, uid, result, ['res_id'])
diff --git a/addons/crm/wizard/crm_partner_to_opportunity.py b/addons/crm/wizard/crm_partner_to_opportunity.py
index 84da9ea0613..bbede21a682 100644
--- a/addons/crm/wizard/crm_partner_to_opportunity.py
+++ b/addons/crm/wizard/crm_partner_to_opportunity.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class crm_partner2opportunity(osv.osv_memory):
                 res.update({'partner_id': data and data[0] or False})
         return res
 
-    def make_opportunity(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def make_opportunity(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class crm_partner2opportunity(osv.osv_memory):
 
         data = context and context.get('active_ids', []) or []
         make_opportunity = self.pool.get('crm.partner2opportunity')
-        for make_opportunity_obj in make_opportunity.browse(cr,uid,ids):
+        for make_opportunity_obj in make_opportunity.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
             result = data_obj._get_id(cr, uid, 'crm', 'view_crm_case_opportunities_filter')
             res = data_obj.read(cr, uid, result, ['res_id'])
diff --git a/addons/crm/wizard/crm_phonecall_to_meeting.py b/addons/crm/wizard/crm_phonecall_to_meeting.py
index bf63c319a71..3f726af15ef 100644
--- a/addons/crm/wizard/crm_phonecall_to_meeting.py
+++ b/addons/crm/wizard/crm_phonecall_to_meeting.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import pooler
 
 class phonecall2meeting(wizard.interface):
 
-    def _makeMeeting(self, cr, uid, data, context):
+    def _makeMeeting(self, cr, uid, data, context=None):
         pool = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname)
         phonecall_case_obj = pool.get('crm.phonecall')                   
         data_obj = pool.get('ir.model.data')
diff --git a/addons/crm/wizard/crm_phonecall_to_partner.py b/addons/crm/wizard/crm_phonecall_to_partner.py
index 5dbef42b50f..38e673108e4 100644
--- a/addons/crm/wizard/crm_phonecall_to_partner.py
+++ b/addons/crm/wizard/crm_phonecall_to_partner.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class crm_phonecall2partner(osv.osv_memory):
 
         @return : Partner id if any for selected phonecall.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         phonecall_obj = self.pool.get('crm.phonecall')
@@ -99,8 +99,6 @@ class crm_phonecall2partner(osv.osv_memory):
 
         @return : Dictionary value for next form.
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
 
         view_obj = self.pool.get('ir.ui.view')
         view_id = view_obj.search(cr, uid, [('model', '=', 'crm.phonecall2partner'), \
@@ -127,7 +125,7 @@ class crm_phonecall2partner(osv.osv_memory):
 
         @return : Dictionary {}.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         phonecall_obj = self.pool.get('crm.phonecall')
@@ -138,8 +136,8 @@ class crm_phonecall2partner(osv.osv_memory):
 
         rec_ids = context and context.get('active_ids', [])
 
-        for data in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
-            for phonecall in phonecall_obj.browse(cr, uid, rec_ids):
+        for data in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
+            for phonecall in phonecall_obj.browse(cr, uid, rec_ids, context=context):
                 if data.action == 'create':
                     partner_id = partner_obj.create(cr, uid, {
                         'name': phonecall.name or phonecall.name,
@@ -178,10 +176,8 @@ class crm_phonecall2partner(osv.osv_memory):
 
         @return : Dictionary value for created Partner form.
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
 
-        partner_ids = self._create_partner(cr, uid, ids, context)
+        partner_ids = self._create_partner(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         mod_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         result = mod_obj._get_id(cr, uid, 'base', 'view_res_partner_filter')
         res = mod_obj.read(cr, uid, result, ['res_id'])
diff --git a/addons/crm/wizard/crm_send_email.py b/addons/crm/wizard/crm_send_email.py
index bd090c041b5..eeb635b7c3b 100644
--- a/addons/crm/wizard/crm_send_email.py
+++ b/addons/crm/wizard/crm_send_email.py
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class crm_send_new_email(osv.osv_memory):
         """
         hist_obj = self.pool.get('mailgate.message')
 
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         if not context.get('active_model'):
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class crm_send_new_email(osv.osv_memory):
         """
         This function gets default values
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         if not context.get('active_model'):
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class crm_send_new_email(osv.osv_memory):
         user_obj = self.pool.get('res.users')
         user_mail_from = user_obj._get_email_from(cr, uid, [uid], context=context)[uid]
 
-        for case in mod_obj.browse(cr, uid, res_id):
+        for case in mod_obj.browse(cr, uid, res_id, context=context):
             if 'email_to' in fields:
                 res.update({'email_to': case.email_from and tools.ustr(case.email_from) or ''})
             if 'email_from' in fields:
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ class crm_send_new_email(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
 
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         if not context.get('active_model'):
diff --git a/addons/crm/wizard/wizard_history_event.py b/addons/crm/wizard/wizard_history_event.py
index 50f30e12f90..b71ee0d6cd0 100644
--- a/addons/crm/wizard/wizard_history_event.py
+++ b/addons/crm/wizard/wizard_history_event.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import wizard
 import pooler
 import time
 
-def _open_history_event(self, cr, uid, data, context): 
+def _open_history_event(self, cr, uid, data, context=None):
     pool = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname)
     data_obj = pool.get('ir.model.data')
     result = data_obj._get_id(cr, uid, 'crm', 'view_crm_case_filter')
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def _open_history_event(self, cr, uid, data, context):
     res = ''    
     if data.get('model',False) and data.get('ids',False):           
         model_obj = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname).get(data['model'])
-        res = model_obj.browse(cr,uid,data['ids'])
+        res = model_obj.browse(cr, uid, data['ids'], context=context)
         if len(res):
             res = res[0].name       
     return {
diff --git a/addons/crm_caldav/crm_caldav.py b/addons/crm_caldav/crm_caldav.py
index c2ed193dc23..8ba59909143 100644
--- a/addons/crm_caldav/crm_caldav.py
+++ b/addons/crm_caldav/crm_caldav.py
@@ -36,8 +36,7 @@ class crm_meeting(osv.osv):
             @param ids: List of CRM Meeting’s IDs
             @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
+        if context is None: context = {}
         ids = map(lambda x: base_calendar.base_calendar_id2real_id(x), ids)
         event_data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         event_obj = self.pool.get('basic.calendar.event')
@@ -54,8 +53,6 @@ class crm_meeting(osv.osv):
             @param data_id: calendar's Id
             @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         event_obj = self.pool.get('basic.calendar.event')
         vals = event_obj.import_cal(cr, uid, data, context=context)
         return self.check_import(cr, uid, vals, context=context)
@@ -68,7 +65,7 @@ class crm_meeting(osv.osv):
             @param vals: Get Values
             @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         ids = []
         model_obj = self.pool.get(context.get('model'))
diff --git a/addons/crm_partner_assign/partner_geo_assign.py b/addons/crm_partner_assign/partner_geo_assign.py
index ab794cba468..bc3a9795834 100644
--- a/addons/crm_partner_assign/partner_geo_assign.py
+++ b/addons/crm_partner_assign/partner_geo_assign.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class crm_lead(osv.osv):
         'partner_assigned_id': fields.many2one('res.partner', 'Assigned Partner', help="Partner this case has been forwarded/assigned to.", select=True),
         'date_assign': fields.date('Assignation Date', help="Last date this case was forwarded/assigned to a partner"),
     }
-    def onchange_assign_id(self, cr, uid, ids, partner_assigned_id, context={}):
+    def onchange_assign_id(self, cr, uid, ids, partner_assigned_id, context=None):
         """This function updates the "assignation date" automatically, when manually assign a partner in the geo assign tab
             @param self: The object pointer
             @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
diff --git a/addons/crm_partner_assign/wizard/crm_forward_to_partner.py b/addons/crm_partner_assign/wizard/crm_forward_to_partner.py
index d14759dc3a7..fdb7acff35c 100644
--- a/addons/crm_partner_assign/wizard/crm_forward_to_partner.py
+++ b/addons/crm_partner_assign/wizard/crm_forward_to_partner.py
@@ -169,7 +169,8 @@ class crm_lead_forward_to_partner(osv.osv_memory):
         """
         Forward the lead to a partner
         """
-        
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         this = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
         case_pool = self.pool.get(context.get('active_model'))
         res_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
diff --git a/addons/crm_profiling/crm_profiling.py b/addons/crm_profiling/crm_profiling.py
index e5165f5b186..90dc0818743 100644
--- a/addons/crm_profiling/crm_profiling.py
+++ b/addons/crm_profiling/crm_profiling.py
@@ -159,14 +159,14 @@ class questionnaire(osv.osv):
     _name="crm_profiling.questionnaire"
     _description= "Questionnaire"
 
-    def build_form(self, cr, uid, data, context):
+    def build_form(self, cr, uid, data, context=None):
         """
             @param self: The object pointer
             @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
             @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
             @param data: Get Data
             @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values """
-
+        
         query = """
         select name, id
         from crm_profiling_question
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ class partner(osv.osv):
                                 "partner","answer","Answers"),
         }
 
-    def _questionnaire_compute(self, cr, uid, data, context):
+    def _questionnaire_compute(self, cr, uid, data, context=None):
         """
             @param self: The object pointer
             @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ class partner(osv.osv):
         for x in cr.fetchall():
             temp.append(x[0])
 
-        self.write(cr, uid, [data['id']], {'answers_ids':[[6, 0, temp]]}, context)
+        self.write(cr, uid, [data['id']], {'answers_ids':[[6, 0, temp]]}, context=context)
         return {}
 
 
@@ -240,8 +240,6 @@ class partner(osv.osv):
             @param ids: List of crm profiling’s IDs
             @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values """
 
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         if 'answers_ids' in vals:
             vals['category_id']=[[6, 0, _recompute_categ(self, cr, uid, ids[0], vals['answers_ids'][0][2])]]
         return super(partner, self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context=context)
diff --git a/addons/delivery/delivery.py b/addons/delivery/delivery.py
index 4ac69d95679..aceee36e0a2 100644
--- a/addons/delivery/delivery.py
+++ b/addons/delivery/delivery.py
@@ -27,26 +27,30 @@ class delivery_carrier(osv.osv):
     _name = "delivery.carrier"
     _description = "Carrier"
 
-    def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         if not len(ids):
             return []
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         order_id = context.get('order_id',False)
         if not order_id:
             res = super(delivery_carrier, self).name_get(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         else:
-            order = self.pool.get('sale.order').browse(cr, uid, [order_id])[0]
+            order = self.pool.get('sale.order').browse(cr, uid, order_id, context=context)
             currency = order.pricelist_id.currency_id.name or ''
             res = [(r['id'], r['name']+' ('+(str(r['price']))+' '+currency+')') for r in self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name', 'price'], context)]
         return res
-    def get_price(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg=None, context={}):
+    def get_price(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg=None, context=None):
         res={}
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         sale_obj=self.pool.get('sale.order')
         grid_obj=self.pool.get('delivery.grid')
-        for carrier in self.browse(cr,uid,ids,context):
+        for carrier in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             order_id=context.get('order_id',False)
             price=False
             if order_id:
-              order = sale_obj.browse(cr, uid, [order_id])[0]
+              order = sale_obj.browse(cr, uid, order_id, context=context)
               carrier_grid=self.grid_get(cr,uid,[carrier.id],order.partner_shipping_id.id,context)
               if carrier_grid:
                   price=grid_obj.get_price(cr, uid, carrier_grid, order, time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'), context)
@@ -65,9 +69,9 @@ class delivery_carrier(osv.osv):
     _defaults = {
         'active': lambda *args:1
     }
-    def grid_get(self, cr, uid, ids, contact_id, context={}):
-        contact = self.pool.get('res.partner.address').browse(cr, uid, [contact_id])[0]
-        for carrier in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+    def grid_get(self, cr, uid, ids, contact_id, context=None):
+        contact = self.pool.get('res.partner.address').browse(cr, uid, contact_id, context=context)
+        for carrier in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for grid in carrier.grids_id:
                 get_id = lambda x: x.id
                 country_ids = map(get_id, grid.country_ids)
@@ -104,7 +108,7 @@ class delivery_grid(osv.osv):
     }
     _order = 'sequence'
 
-    def get_price(self, cr, uid, id, order, dt, context):
+    def get_price(self, cr, uid, id, order, dt, context=None):
         total = 0
         weight = 0
         volume = 0
@@ -116,10 +120,10 @@ class delivery_grid(osv.osv):
             volume += (line.product_id.volume or 0.0) * line.product_uom_qty
 
 
-        return self.get_price_from_picking(cr, uid, id, total,weight, volume, context)
+        return self.get_price_from_picking(cr, uid, id, total,weight, volume, context=context)
 
-    def get_price_from_picking(self, cr, uid, id, total, weight, volume, context={}):
-        grid = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context)
+    def get_price_from_picking(self, cr, uid, id, total, weight, volume, context=None):
+        grid = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context=context)
         price = 0.0
         ok = False
 
diff --git a/addons/delivery/stock.py b/addons/delivery/stock.py
index 23cc1563cff..d1ffb7ba968 100644
--- a/addons/delivery/stock.py
+++ b/addons/delivery/stock.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class stock_picking(osv.osv):
     def _cal_weight(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
         res = {}
         uom_obj = self.pool.get('product.uom')
-        for picking in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for picking in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             total_weight = total_weight_net = 0.00
 
             for move in picking.move_lines:
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class stock_picking(osv.osv):
         carrier_obj = self.pool.get('delivery.carrier')
         grid_obj = self.pool.get('delivery.grid')
         invoice_line_obj = self.pool.get('account.invoice.line')
-
+        
         result = super(stock_picking, self).action_invoice_create(cursor, user,
                 ids, journal_id=journal_id, group=group, type=type,
                 context=context)
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
     def _cal_move_weight(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
         res = {}
         uom_obj = self.pool.get('product.uom')
-        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             weight = weight_net = 0.00
             if move.product_id.weight > 0.00:
                 converted_qty = move.product_qty
diff --git a/addons/delivery/wizard/delivery_sale_order.py b/addons/delivery/wizard/delivery_sale_order.py
index 5f066b23bb0..f20426bbc35 100644
--- a/addons/delivery/wizard/delivery_sale_order.py
+++ b/addons/delivery/wizard/delivery_sale_order.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class make_delivery(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
 
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
         """ 
              To get default values for the object.
             
@@ -46,10 +46,10 @@ class make_delivery(osv.osv_memory):
              
              @return: A dictionary which of fields with values. 
         
-        """        
+        """
         res = super(make_delivery, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         order_obj = self.pool.get('sale.order')
-        for order in order_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):
+        for order in order_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
              carrier = order.carrier_id.id
              if not carrier:
                   carrier = order.partner_id.property_delivery_carrier.id
@@ -58,13 +58,15 @@ class make_delivery(osv.osv_memory):
         return res
     
     def view_init(self, cr , uid , fields, context=None):
+         if context is None:
+            context = {}
          order_obj = self.pool.get('sale.order')
-         for order in order_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):     
+         for order in order_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):     
              if not order.state in ('draft'):
                  raise osv.except_osv(_('Order not in draft state !'), _('The order state have to be draft to add delivery lines.'))
          pass     
         
-    def delivery_set(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def delivery_set(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ 
              Adds delivery costs to Sale Order Line.
             
@@ -77,14 +79,16 @@ class make_delivery(osv.osv_memory):
              @return:  
         
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         rec_ids = context and context.get('active_ids',[])
         order_obj = self.pool.get('sale.order')
         line_obj = self.pool.get('sale.order.line')
         grid_obj = self.pool.get('delivery.grid')
         carrier_obj = self.pool.get('delivery.carrier')
         acc_fp_obj = self.pool.get('account.fiscal.position')
-        order_objs = order_obj.browse(cr, uid, rec_ids, context)
-        for datas in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):    
+        order_objs = order_obj.browse(cr, uid, rec_ids, context=context)
+        for datas in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):    
             for order in order_objs:
                 grid_id = carrier_obj.grid_get(cr, uid, [datas.carrier_id.id],order.partner_shipping_id.id)
                 if not grid_id:
@@ -93,7 +97,7 @@ class make_delivery(osv.osv_memory):
                 if not order.state in ('draft'):
                     raise osv.except_osv(_('Order not in draft state !'), _('The order state have to be draft to add delivery lines.'))
                 
-                grid = grid_obj.browse(cr, uid, grid_id)
+                grid = grid_obj.browse(cr, uid, grid_id, context=context)
         
                 taxes = grid.carrier_id.product_id.taxes_id
                 fpos = order.fiscal_position or False
diff --git a/addons/document/directory_content.py b/addons/document/directory_content.py
index 685df7910f3..e690e50d4b4 100644
--- a/addons/document/directory_content.py
+++ b/addons/document/directory_content.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class document_directory_content(osv.osv):
     _name = 'document.directory.content'
     _description = 'Directory Content'
     _order = "sequence"
-    def _extension_get(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _extension_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         cr.execute('select code,name from document_directory_content_type where active')
         res = cr.fetchall()
         return res
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class document_directory_content(osv.osv):
     def process_read(self, cr, uid, node, context=None):
         if node.extension != '.pdf':
             raise Exception("Invalid content: %s" % node.extension)
-        report = self.pool.get('ir.actions.report.xml').browse(cr, uid, node.report_id)
+        report = self.pool.get('ir.actions.report.xml').browse(cr, uid, node.report_id, context=context)
         srv = netsvc.Service._services['report.'+report.report_name]
         ctx = node.context.context.copy()
         ctx.update(node.dctx)
diff --git a/addons/document/directory_report.py b/addons/document/directory_report.py
index 88a95a1705b..6eb18dae850 100644
--- a/addons/document/directory_report.py
+++ b/addons/document/directory_report.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class ir_action_report_xml(osv.osv):
     _name="ir.actions.report.xml"
     _inherit ="ir.actions.report.xml"
 
-    def _model_get(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context):
+    def _model_get(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
         model_pool = self.pool.get('ir.model')
         for data in self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['model']):
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class ir_action_report_xml(osv.osv):
                     res[data.get('id')] = False
         return res
 
-    def _model_search(self, cr, uid, obj, name, args, context={}):
+    def _model_search(self, cr, uid, obj, name, args, context=None):
         if not len(args):
             return []
         model_id= args[0][2]
diff --git a/addons/document/document.py b/addons/document/document.py
index e3d810668b4..7e575f38a37 100644
--- a/addons/document/document.py
+++ b/addons/document/document.py
@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ class document_file(osv.osv):
     def _get_filestore(self, cr):
         return os.path.join(DMS_ROOT_PATH, cr.dbname)
 
-    def _data_get(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context):
+    def _data_get(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         fbrl = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         nctx = nodes.get_node_context(cr, uid, context={})
         # nctx will /not/ inherit the caller's context. Most of
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ class document_file(osv.osv):
     #
     # This code can be improved
     #
-    def _data_set(self, cr, uid, id, name, value, arg, context):
+    def _data_set(self, cr, uid, id, name, value, arg, context=None):
         if not value:
             return True
         fbro = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context=context)
@@ -139,7 +141,7 @@ class document_file(osv.osv):
         if 'name' not in default:
             name = self.read(cr, uid, [id])[0]['name']
             default.update({'name': name + " (copy)"})
-        return super(document_file, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context)
+        return super(document_file, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context=context)
 
     def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None):
         result = False
@@ -222,7 +224,7 @@ class document_file(osv.osv):
         cr.commit() # ?
         return result
 
-    def __get_partner_id(self, cr, uid, res_model, res_id, context):
+    def __get_partner_id(self, cr, uid, res_model, res_id, context=None):
         """ A helper to retrieve the associated partner from any res_model+id
             It is a hack that will try to discover if the mentioned record is
             clearly associated with a partner record.
@@ -246,7 +248,7 @@ class document_file(osv.osv):
         # rolled back) and then unlink the files. The list wouldn't exist
         # after we discard the objects
         ids = self.search(cr, uid, [('id','in',ids)])
-        for f in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for f in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             # TODO: update the node cache
             par = f.parent_id
             storage_id = None
diff --git a/addons/document/document_directory.py b/addons/document/document_directory.py
index 9412527db22..2a3f54f53ba 100644
--- a/addons/document/document_directory.py
+++ b/addons/document/document_directory.py
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class document_directory(osv.osv):
         _parent(dir_id, path)
         return path
 
-    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         level = 100
         while len(ids):
             cr.execute('select distinct parent_id from document_directory where id in ('+','.join(map(str,ids))+')')
@@ -175,8 +175,6 @@ class document_directory(osv.osv):
         """ Return a node object for the given uri.
            This fn merely passes the call to node_context
         """
-        if not context:
-                context = {}
 
         return nodes.get_node_context(cr, uid, context).get_uri(cr, uri)
 
@@ -198,7 +196,7 @@ class document_directory(osv.osv):
         else:
             raise ValueError("dir node for %s type", dbro.type)
 
-    def _prepare_context(self, cr, uid, nctx, context):
+    def _prepare_context(self, cr, uid, nctx, context=None):
         """ Fill nctx with properties for this database
         @param nctx instance of nodes.node_context, to be filled
         @param context ORM context (dict) for us
@@ -212,7 +210,7 @@ class document_directory(osv.osv):
         """
         return
 
-    def get_dir_permissions(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None ):
+    def get_dir_permissions(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """Check what permission user 'uid' has on directory 'id'
         """
         assert len(ids) == 1
@@ -237,7 +235,7 @@ class document_directory(osv.osv):
             default ={}
         name = self.read(cr, uid, [id])[0]['name']
         default.update({'name': name+ " (copy)"})
-        return super(document_directory,self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context)
+        return super(document_directory,self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context=context)
 
     def _check_duplication(self, cr, uid, vals, ids=[], op='create'):
         name=vals.get('name',False)
diff --git a/addons/document/document_storage.py b/addons/document/document_storage.py
index aa2edb6b411..b61b7fd65fc 100644
--- a/addons/document/document_storage.py
+++ b/addons/document/document_storage.py
@@ -422,9 +422,7 @@ class document_storage(osv.osv):
             optionally, fil_obj could point to the browse object of the file
             (ir.attachment)
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
-        boo = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context)
+        boo = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context=context)
         if not boo.online:
             raise IOError(errno.EREMOTE, 'medium offline')
         
@@ -439,7 +437,7 @@ class document_storage(osv.osv):
         """
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        boo = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context)
+        boo = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context=context)
         if not boo.online:
             raise IOError(errno.EREMOTE, 'medium offline')
         
@@ -540,9 +538,7 @@ class document_storage(osv.osv):
             This function MUST be used from an ir.attachment. It wouldn't make sense
             to store things persistently for other types (dynamic).
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
-        boo = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context)
+        boo = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context=context)
         if fil_obj:
             ira = fil_obj
         else:
diff --git a/addons/document/wizard/document_configuration.py b/addons/document/wizard/document_configuration.py
index a497eb6af90..26ce8652599 100644
--- a/addons/document/wizard/document_configuration.py
+++ b/addons/document/wizard/document_configuration.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class document_configuration(osv.osv_memory):
 
     def execute(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         conf_id = ids and ids[0] or False
-        conf = self.browse(cr, uid, conf_id, context)
+        conf = self.browse(cr, uid, conf_id, context=context)
         dir_pool = self.pool.get('document.directory')
         data_pool = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         model_pool = self.pool.get('ir.model')
diff --git a/addons/document_ftp/wizard/ftp_browse.py b/addons/document_ftp/wizard/ftp_browse.py
index 42081c98fd0..3e5787819b2 100644
--- a/addons/document_ftp/wizard/ftp_browse.py
+++ b/addons/document_ftp/wizard/ftp_browse.py
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ class document_ftp_browse(osv.osv_memory):
             res['url'] = 'ftp://%s@%s'%(current_user.login, url)
         return res
 
-    def browse_ftp(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def browse_ftp(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         data_id = ids and ids[0] or False
-        data = self.browse(cr, uid, data_id, context)
+        data = self.browse(cr, uid, data_id, context=context)
         final_url = data.url
         return {
         'type': 'ir.actions.act_url',
diff --git a/addons/document_ftp/wizard/ftp_configuration.py b/addons/document_ftp/wizard/ftp_configuration.py
index 5c6544dac5d..17dc99d202e 100644
--- a/addons/document_ftp/wizard/ftp_configuration.py
+++ b/addons/document_ftp/wizard/ftp_configuration.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class document_ftp_configuration(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
     def execute(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        conf = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context)
+        conf = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
         data_pool = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         # Update the action for FTP browse.
         aid = data_pool._get_id(cr, uid, 'document_ftp', 'action_document_browse')
diff --git a/addons/document_ics/document_ics.py b/addons/document_ics/document_ics.py
index 9133a525afa..45b89997287 100644
--- a/addons/document_ics/document_ics.py
+++ b/addons/document_ics/document_ics.py
@@ -347,7 +347,6 @@ class crm_meeting(osv.osv):
         """
 
         if not default: default = {}
-        if not context: context = {}
         default.update({'code': self.pool.get('ir.sequence').get(cr, uid, 'crm.meeting'), 'id': False})
         return super(crm_meeting, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context)
 
diff --git a/addons/document_ics/document_ics_config_wizard.py b/addons/document_ics/document_ics_config_wizard.py
index 51ccab59204..5c338cf6dd0 100644
--- a/addons/document_ics/document_ics_config_wizard.py
+++ b/addons/document_ics/document_ics_config_wizard.py
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class document_ics_crm_wizard(osv.osv_memory):
             @param ids: List of Document CRM wizard’s IDs
             @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values """
 
-        data=self.read(cr, uid, ids, [])[0]
+        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
         dir_obj = self.pool.get('document.directory')
         dir_cont_obj = self.pool.get('document.directory.content')
         dir_id = dir_obj.search(cr, uid, [('name', '=', 'Calendars')])
diff --git a/addons/document_webdav/document_webdav.py b/addons/document_webdav/document_webdav.py
index 2e1eb8cabd2..d2107e4f927 100644
--- a/addons/document_webdav/document_webdav.py
+++ b/addons/document_webdav/document_webdav.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class document_davdir(osv.osv):
         else:
             raise ValueError("dir node for %s type", dbro.type)
 
-    def _prepare_context(self, cr, uid, nctx, context):
+    def _prepare_context(self, cr, uid, nctx, context=None):
         nctx.node_file_class = nodes.node_file
         # We can fill some more fields, but avoid any expensive function
         # that might be not worth preparing.
diff --git a/addons/email_template/email_template.py b/addons/email_template/email_template.py
index 4b1ec7e8e0f..eee1a13bb70 100644
--- a/addons/email_template/email_template.py
+++ b/addons/email_template/email_template.py
@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@ def get_value(cursor, user, recid, message=None, template=None, context=None):
     if message:
         try:
             message = tools.ustr(message)
-            object = pool.get(template.model_int_name).browse(cursor, user, recid, context)
+            object = pool.get(template.model_int_name).browse(cursor, user, recid, context=context)
             env = {
-                'user':pool.get('res.users').browse(cursor, user, user, context),
+                'user':pool.get('res.users').browse(cursor, user, user, context=context),
                 'db':cursor.dbname
                    }
             if template.template_language == 'mako':
@@ -262,9 +262,11 @@ This is useful for CRM leads for example"),
         ('name', 'unique (name)','The template name must be unique !')
     ]
 
-    def create_action(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def create_action(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         vals = {}
-        template_obj = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)[0]
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
+        template_obj = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         src_obj = template_obj.object_name.model
         vals['ref_ir_act_window'] = self.pool.get('ir.actions.act_window').create(cr, uid, {
              'name': template_obj.name,
@@ -291,8 +293,8 @@ This is useful for CRM leads for example"),
         }, context)
         return True
 
-    def unlink_action(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
-        for template in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def unlink_action(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        for template in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             try:
                 if template.ref_ir_act_window:
                     self.pool.get('ir.actions.act_window').unlink(cr, uid, template.ref_ir_act_window.id, context)
@@ -301,13 +303,13 @@ This is useful for CRM leads for example"),
             except:
                 raise osv.except_osv(_("Warning"), _("Deletion of Record failed"))
 
-    def delete_action(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
-        self.unlink_action(cr, uid, ids, context)
+    def delete_action(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        self.unlink_action(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         return True
 
     def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        self.unlink_action(cr, uid, ids, context)
-        return super(email_template, self).unlink(cr, uid, ids, context)
+        self.unlink_action(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
+        return super(email_template, self).unlink(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
 
     def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
         if default is None:
diff --git a/addons/email_template/email_template_account.py b/addons/email_template/email_template_account.py
index 281a876fc22..462baa1672d 100644
--- a/addons/email_template/email_template_account.py
+++ b/addons/email_template/email_template_account.py
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ unless it is already specified in the From Email, e.g: John Doe <john@doe.com>",
     def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         return [(a["id"], "%s (%s)" % (a['email_id'], a['name'])) for a in self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name', 'email_id'], context=context)]
 
-    def _constraint_unique(self, cursor, user, ids):
+    def _constraint_unique(self, cursor, user, ids, context=None):
         """
         This makes sure that you dont give personal 
         users two accounts with same ID (Validated in sql constaints)
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ unless it is already specified in the From Email, e.g: John Doe <john@doe.com>",
         #Type cast ids to integer
         if type(ids) == list:
             ids = ids[0]
-        this_object = self.browse(cursor, user, ids, context)
+        this_object = self.browse(cursor, user, ids, context=context)
         if this_object:
             if this_object.smtpserver and this_object.smtpport: 
                 try:
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ unless it is already specified in the From Email, e.g: John Doe <john@doe.com>",
                                  _("Reason: %s") % error
                                  )
     
-    def do_approval(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def do_approval(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         #TODO: Check if user has rights
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'approved'}, context=context)
 #        wf_service = netsvc.LocalService("workflow")
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ unless it is already specified in the From Email, e.g: John Doe <john@doe.com>",
         """
         #This function returns a SMTP server object
         logger = netsvc.Logger()
-        core_obj = self.browse(cursor, user, id, context)
+        core_obj = self.browse(cursor, user, id, context=context)
         if core_obj.smtpserver and core_obj.smtpport and core_obj.state == 'approved':
             try:
                 serv = self.get_outgoing_server(cursor, user, id, context)
diff --git a/addons/email_template/email_template_mailbox.py b/addons/email_template/email_template_mailbox.py
index 51d73ffc76c..2fb3b0fa54c 100644
--- a/addons/email_template/email_template_mailbox.py
+++ b/addons/email_template/email_template_mailbox.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class email_template_mailbox(osv.osv):
         to periodically send emails
         """
         try:
-            self.send_all_mail(cursor, user, context)
+            self.send_all_mail(cursor, user, context=context)
         except Exception, e:
             LOGGER.notifyChannel(
                                  "Email Template",
@@ -196,8 +196,6 @@ class email_template_mailbox(osv.osv):
         It just changes the folder of the item to "Trash", if it is no in Trash folder yet, 
         or completely deletes it if it is already in Trash.
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         to_update = []
         to_remove = []
         for mail in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
diff --git a/addons/email_template/wizard/email_template_send_wizard.py b/addons/email_template/wizard/email_template_send_wizard.py
index 3588ca20ded..4f6ab7af381 100644
--- a/addons/email_template/wizard/email_template_send_wizard.py
+++ b/addons/email_template/wizard/email_template_send_wizard.py
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ class email_template_send_wizard(osv.osv_memory):
     def sav_to_drafts(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        mailid = self.save_to_mailbox(cr, uid, ids, context)
+        mailid = self.save_to_mailbox(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         if self.pool.get('email_template.mailbox').write(cr, uid, mailid, {'folder':'drafts'}, context):
             return {'type':'ir.actions.act_window_close' }
 
diff --git a/addons/event/event.py b/addons/event/event.py
index 8c8bed8584b..02fe6ff6a0c 100644
--- a/addons/event/event.py
+++ b/addons/event/event.py
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class event_event(osv.osv):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return: True
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         res = False
         if type(ids) in (int, long,):
@@ -246,11 +246,11 @@ class event_event(osv.osv):
         'user_id': lambda obj, cr, uid, context: uid,
     }
 
-    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids):
-        return super(event_event, self)._check_recursion(cr, uid, ids)
+    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        return super(event_event, self)._check_recursion(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
 
-    def _check_closing_date(self, cr, uid, ids):
-        for event in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+    def _check_closing_date(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        for event in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if event.date_end < event.date_begin:
                 return False
         return True
@@ -267,8 +267,6 @@ class event_event(osv.osv):
         """
         if not team_id:
             return {}
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         team_pool = self.pool.get('crm.case.section')
         res = {}
         team = team_pool.browse(cr, uid, team_id, context=context)
@@ -287,7 +285,6 @@ class event_registration(osv.osv):
     def _amount_line(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         cur_obj = self.pool.get('res.currency')
         res = {}
-        context = context or {}
         for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             price = line.unit_price * line.nb_register
             pricelist = line.event_id.pricelist_id or line.partner_invoice_id.property_product_pricelist
@@ -382,7 +379,7 @@ class event_registration(osv.osv):
         inv_pool = self.pool.get('account.invoice')
         product_pool = self.pool.get('product.product')
         contact_pool = self.pool.get('res.partner.contact')
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         # If date was specified, use it as date invoiced, usefull when invoices are generated this month and put the
         # last day of the last month as invoice date
@@ -438,7 +435,7 @@ class event_registration(osv.osv):
     def do_close(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Close Registration
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         invoice_id = context.get('invoice_id', False)
         values = {'state': 'done', 'date_closed': time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}
@@ -455,12 +452,12 @@ class event_registration(osv.osv):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return: True
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         if type(ids) in (int, long,):
             ids = [ids]
         data_pool = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         unconfirmed_ids = []
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         for registration in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             total_confirmed = registration.event_id.register_current + registration.nb_register
             if total_confirmed <= registration.event_id.register_max or registration.event_id.register_max == 0:
@@ -488,8 +485,6 @@ class event_registration(osv.osv):
     def button_reg_close(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """This Function Close Event Registration.
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         data_pool = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         unclosed_ids = []
         for registration in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
@@ -526,8 +521,6 @@ class event_registration(osv.osv):
         """
         Send email to user
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
 
         for regestration in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             src = regestration.event_id.reply_to or False
diff --git a/addons/event/wizard/partner_event_registration.py b/addons/event/wizard/partner_event_registration.py
index d8639b4e646..b8521e404e2 100644
--- a/addons/event/wizard/partner_event_registration.py
+++ b/addons/event/wizard/partner_event_registration.py
@@ -105,8 +105,6 @@ class partner_event_registration(osv.osv_memory):
         """Overrides orm name_get method
         @param ids: List of partner_event_register ids
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
 
         res = []
         if not ids:
@@ -124,7 +122,7 @@ class partner_event_registration(osv.osv_memory):
         event_obj = self.pool.get('event.event')
         product_obj = self.pool.get('product.product')
         partner_obj = self.pool.get('res.partner')
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         partner_id = context.get('active_id', False)
         if event_id:
diff --git a/addons/event_project/event_project.py b/addons/event_project/event_project.py
index b892835bb49..8590b84c4ad 100644
--- a/addons/event_project/event_project.py
+++ b/addons/event_project/event_project.py
@@ -24,8 +24,6 @@ from osv import fields, osv
 class one2many_mod_task(fields.one2many):
     
     def get(self, cr, obj, ids, name, user=None, offset=0, context=None, values=None):
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         if not values:
                 values = {}
         res = {}
diff --git a/addons/event_project/wizard/event_project_retro.py b/addons/event_project/wizard/event_project_retro.py
index f8e65cdb4ff..ada9b7fa17b 100644
--- a/addons/event_project/wizard/event_project_retro.py
+++ b/addons/event_project/wizard/event_project_retro.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class event_project(osv.osv_memory):
         event_obj = self.pool.get('event.event')
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        event = event_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id', False))
+        event = event_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id', False), context=context)
         res = datetime.strptime(event.date_end, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S").strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
         return res
         
@@ -64,11 +64,11 @@ class event_project(osv.osv_memory):
         'date': _get_date_end
     }
     
-    def create_duplicate(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def create_duplicate(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         event_obj = self.pool.get('event.event')
         project_obj = self.pool.get('project.project')
-        event = event_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id', False))
-        for current in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        event = event_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id', False), context=context)
+        for current in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             duplicate_project_id = project_obj.copy(cr, uid, current.project_id.id, {
                     'active': True,
                     'date_start':current.date_start,
diff --git a/addons/fetchmail/fetchmail.py b/addons/fetchmail/fetchmail.py
index 7592061ec36..772771db915 100644
--- a/addons/fetchmail/fetchmail.py
+++ b/addons/fetchmail/fetchmail.py
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ class email_server(osv.osv):
         'user_id': lambda self, cr, uid, ctx: uid,
     }
 
-    def check_duplicate(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def check_duplicate(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         # RFC *-* Why this limitation? why not in SQL constraint?
-        vals = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['user', 'password'])[0]
+        vals = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['user', 'password'], context=context)[0]
         cr.execute("select count(id) from email_server where user=%s and password=%s", (vals['user'], vals['password']))
         res = cr.fetchone()
         if res:
@@ -105,12 +105,14 @@ class email_server(osv.osv):
 
         return {'value':{'port':port}}
 
-    def set_draft(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def set_draft(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         self.write(cr, uid, ids , {'state':'draft'})
         return True
     
-    def button_confirm_login(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
-        for server in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def button_confirm_login(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
+        for server in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             logger.notifyChannel('imap', netsvc.LOG_INFO, 'fetchmail start checking for new emails on %s' % (server.name))
             context.update({'server_id': server.id, 'server_type': server.type})
             try:
@@ -144,20 +146,22 @@ class email_server(osv.osv):
                 logger.notifyChannel(server.type, netsvc.LOG_WARNING, '%s' % (e))
         return True
 
-    def button_fetch_mail(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def button_fetch_mail(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         self.fetch_mail(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         return True
 
-    def _fetch_mails(self, cr, uid, ids=False, context={}):
+    def _fetch_mails(self, cr, uid, ids=False, context=None):
         if not ids:
             ids = self.search(cr, uid, [])
         return self.fetch_mail(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
 
-    def fetch_mail(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def fetch_mail(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         email_tool = self.pool.get('email.server.tools')
         action_pool = self.pool.get('ir.actions.server')
         context.update({'get_server': True})
-        for server in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for server in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             count = 0
             user = server.user_id.id or uid
             try:
@@ -215,7 +219,7 @@ class mailgate_message(osv.osv):
     _order = 'id desc'
 
     def create(self, cr, uid, values, context=None):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
         server_id = context.get('server_id',False)
         server_type = context.get('server_type',False)
@@ -227,7 +231,7 @@ class mailgate_message(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def write(self, cr, uid, ids, values, context=None):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
         server_id = context.get('server_id',False)
         server_type = context.get('server_type',False)
diff --git a/addons/google_map/wizard/google_map_launch.py b/addons/google_map/wizard/google_map_launch.py
index 12ab32fbf54..a2b3003da7c 100644
--- a/addons/google_map/wizard/google_map_launch.py
+++ b/addons/google_map/wizard/google_map_launch.py
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ import pooler
 from osv import fields
 import time
 
-def _launch_wizard(self, cr, uid, data, context):
+def _launch_wizard(self, cr, uid, data, context=None):
     address_obj= pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname).get('res.partner.address')
-    m= address_obj.browse(cr,uid,data['id'],context)
+    m= address_obj.browse(cr, uid, data['id'], context=context)
     url=''
     url="http://maps.google.com/maps?oi=map&q="
     if m.street:
diff --git a/addons/hr/hr.py b/addons/hr/hr.py
index 9783efa58b6..c0840958994 100644
--- a/addons/hr/hr.py
+++ b/addons/hr/hr.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class hr_employee_category(osv.osv):
     def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         if not ids:
             return []
-        reads = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name','parent_id'], context)
+        reads = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name','parent_id'], context=context)
         res = []
         for record in reads:
             name = record['name']
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ class hr_employee_category(osv.osv):
             res.append((record['id'], name))
         return res
 
-    def _name_get_fnc(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context):
-        res = self.name_get(cr, uid, ids, context)
+    def _name_get_fnc(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context=None):
+        res = self.name_get(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         return dict(res)
 
     _name = "hr.employee.category"
@@ -80,13 +80,13 @@ class hr_job(osv.osv):
 
     def _no_of_employee(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
         res = {}
-        for job in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for job in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[job.id] = len(job.employee_ids or [])
         return res
 
     def _no_of_recruitement(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
         res = {}
-        for job in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for job in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[job.id] = job.expected_employees - job.no_of_employee
         return res
 
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class hr_employee(osv.osv):
     def onchange_company(self, cr, uid, ids, company, context=None):
         address_id = False
         if company:
-            company_id = self.pool.get('res.company').browse(cr,uid,company)
+            company_id = self.pool.get('res.company').browse(cr, uid, company, context=context)
             address = self.pool.get('res.partner').address_get(cr, uid, [company_id.partner_id.id], ['default'])
             address_id = address and address['default'] or False
         return {'value': {'address_id' : address_id}}
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ class hr_employee(osv.osv):
     def onchange_user(self, cr, uid, ids, user_id, context=None):
         work_email = False
         if user_id:
-            work_email = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, user_id).user_email
+            work_email = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, user_id, context=context).user_email
         return {'value': {'work_email' : work_email}}
 
     def _get_photo(self, cr, uid, context=None):
diff --git a/addons/hr/hr_department.py b/addons/hr/hr_department.py
index 8e1d11716c2..c885fdf30bd 100644
--- a/addons/hr/hr_department.py
+++ b/addons/hr/hr_department.py
@@ -38,8 +38,6 @@ class hr_department(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def _dept_name_get_fnc(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = self.name_get(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         return dict(res)
 
@@ -58,8 +56,6 @@ class hr_department(osv.osv):
                 }
 
     def _get_members(self, cr, uid, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         mids = self.search(cr, uid, [('manager_id', '=', uid)], context=context)
         result = {uid: 1}
         for m in self.browse(cr, uid, mids, context=context):
diff --git a/addons/hr_attendance/hr_attendance.py b/addons/hr_attendance/hr_attendance.py
index 9e8a4d84088..584340d6c1d 100644
--- a/addons/hr_attendance/hr_attendance.py
+++ b/addons/hr_attendance/hr_attendance.py
@@ -38,8 +38,6 @@ class hr_action_reason(osv.osv):
 hr_action_reason()
 
 def _employee_get(obj, cr, uid, context=None):
-    if context is None:
-        context = {}
     ids = obj.pool.get('hr.employee').search(cr, uid, [('user_id', '=', uid)], context=context)
     return ids and ids[0] or False
 
@@ -48,8 +46,6 @@ class hr_attendance(osv.osv):
     _description = "Attendance"
 
     def _day_compute(self, cr, uid, ids, fieldnames, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = dict.fromkeys(ids, '')
         for obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[obj.id] = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d', time.strptime(obj.name, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'))
@@ -67,7 +63,7 @@ class hr_attendance(osv.osv):
         'employee_id': _employee_get,
     }
 
-    def _altern_si_so(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def _altern_si_so(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         for id in ids:
             sql = '''
             SELECT action, name
@@ -93,8 +89,6 @@ class hr_employee(osv.osv):
     _description = "Employee"
 
     def _state(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         result = {}
         if not ids:
             return result
@@ -120,16 +114,12 @@ class hr_employee(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def _action_check(self, cr, uid, emp_id, dt=False, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         cr.execute('SELECT MAX(name) FROM hr_attendance WHERE employee_id=%s', (emp_id,))
         res = cr.fetchone()
         return not (res and (res[0]>=(dt or time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'))))
 
     def attendance_action_change(self, cr, uid, ids, type='action', context=None, dt=False, *args):
         obj_attendance = self.pool.get('hr.attendance')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         id = False
         warning_sign = 'sign'
         res = {}
diff --git a/addons/hr_attendance/wizard/hr_attendance_bymonth.py b/addons/hr_attendance/wizard/hr_attendance_bymonth.py
index 7d673b825f8..6f44729c01b 100644
--- a/addons/hr_attendance/wizard/hr_attendance_bymonth.py
+++ b/addons/hr_attendance/wizard/hr_attendance_bymonth.py
@@ -36,8 +36,6 @@ class hr_attendance_bymonth(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
     def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         datas = {
              'ids': [],
              'model': 'hr.employee',
diff --git a/addons/hr_attendance/wizard/hr_attendance_byweek.py b/addons/hr_attendance/wizard/hr_attendance_byweek.py
index f969e88b66b..139ff94cd5a 100644
--- a/addons/hr_attendance/wizard/hr_attendance_byweek.py
+++ b/addons/hr_attendance/wizard/hr_attendance_byweek.py
@@ -35,8 +35,6 @@ class hr_attendance_byweek(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
     def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         datas = {
              'ids': [],
              'model': 'hr.employee',
diff --git a/addons/hr_attendance/wizard/hr_attendance_error.py b/addons/hr_attendance/wizard/hr_attendance_error.py
index c3b31bb6491..bb181268195 100644
--- a/addons/hr_attendance/wizard/hr_attendance_error.py
+++ b/addons/hr_attendance/wizard/hr_attendance_error.py
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ class hr_attendance_error(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
     def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         emp_ids = []
         data_error = self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         date_from = data_error['init_date']
diff --git a/addons/hr_attendance/wizard/hr_attendance_sign_in_out.py b/addons/hr_attendance/wizard/hr_attendance_sign_in_out.py
index 09f9f9364c5..4e079584053 100644
--- a/addons/hr_attendance/wizard/hr_attendance_sign_in_out.py
+++ b/addons/hr_attendance/wizard/hr_attendance_sign_in_out.py
@@ -33,8 +33,6 @@ class hr_si_so_ask(osv.osv_memory):
         }
 
     def _get_empname(self, cr, uid, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         emp_id = self.pool.get('hr.employee').search(cr, uid, [('user_id', '=', uid)], context=context)
         if emp_id:
             employee = self.pool.get('hr.employee').browse(cr, uid, emp_id, context=context)[0].name
@@ -53,14 +51,10 @@ class hr_si_so_ask(osv.osv_memory):
                  }
 
     def sign_in(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
         return self.pool.get('hr.sign.in.out').sign_in(cr, uid, data, context)
 
     def sign_out(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
         return self.pool.get('hr.sign.in.out').sign_out(cr, uid, data, context)
 
@@ -78,8 +72,6 @@ class hr_sign_in_out(osv.osv_memory):
                 }
 
     def _get_empid(self, cr, uid, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         emp_id = self.pool.get('hr.employee').search(cr, uid, [('user_id', '=', uid)], context=context)
         if emp_id:
             employee = self.pool.get('hr.employee').browse(cr, uid, emp_id, context=context)[0]
@@ -87,8 +79,6 @@ class hr_sign_in_out(osv.osv_memory):
         return {}
 
     def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields_list, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = super(hr_sign_in_out, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields_list, context=context)
         res_emp = self._get_empid(cr, uid, context=context)
         res.update(res_emp)
@@ -97,8 +87,6 @@ class hr_sign_in_out(osv.osv_memory):
     def si_check(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         obj_model = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         att_obj = self.pool.get('hr.attendance')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
         emp_id = data['emp_id']
         att_id = att_obj.search(cr, uid, [('employee_id', '=', emp_id)], limit=1, order='name desc')
@@ -124,8 +112,6 @@ class hr_sign_in_out(osv.osv_memory):
     def so_check(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         obj_model = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         att_obj = self.pool.get('hr.attendance')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
         emp_id = data['emp_id']
         att_id = att_obj.search(cr, uid, [('employee_id', '=', emp_id),('action', '!=', 'action')], limit=1, order='name desc')
@@ -177,8 +163,6 @@ class hr_sign_in_out(osv.osv_memory):
         return {} # To do: Return Success message
 
     def sign_out(self, cr, uid, data, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         emp_id = data['emp_id']
         if 'last_time' in data:
             if data['last_time'] > time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'):
diff --git a/addons/hr_evaluation/hr_evaluation.py b/addons/hr_evaluation/hr_evaluation.py
index 32478f515a0..58631761fa9 100644
--- a/addons/hr_evaluation/hr_evaluation.py
+++ b/addons/hr_evaluation/hr_evaluation.py
@@ -106,8 +106,6 @@ class hr_employee(osv.osv):
 
     def run_employee_evaluation(self, cr, uid, automatic=False, use_new_cursor=False, context=None):
         obj_evaluation = self.pool.get('hr_evaluation.evaluation')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for id in self.browse(cr, uid, self.search(cr, uid, [], context=context), context=context):
             if id.evaluation_plan_id and id.evaluation_date:
                 if (parser.parse(id.evaluation_date) + relativedelta(months = int(id.evaluation_plan_id.month_next))).strftime('%Y-%m-%d') <= time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"):
@@ -116,8 +114,6 @@ class hr_employee(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def onchange_evaluation_plan_id(self, cr, uid, ids, evaluation_plan_id, evaluation_date, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if evaluation_plan_id:
             evaluation_plan_obj=self.pool.get('hr_evaluation.plan')
             obj_evaluation = self.pool.get('hr_evaluation.evaluation')
@@ -135,8 +131,6 @@ class hr_employee(osv.osv):
         return {'value': {'evaluation_date': evaluation_date}}
 
     def create(self, cr, uid, vals, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         id = super(hr_employee, self).create(cr, uid, vals, context=context)
         if vals.get('evaluation_plan_id', False):
             self.pool.get('hr_evaluation.evaluation').create(cr, uid, {'employee_id': id, 'plan_id': vals['evaluation_plan_id']}, context=context)
@@ -180,8 +174,6 @@ class hr_evaluation(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if not ids:
             return []
         reads = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
@@ -192,8 +184,6 @@ class hr_evaluation(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def onchange_employee_id(self, cr, uid, ids, employee_id, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         evaluation_plan_id=False
         if employee_id:
             employee_obj=self.pool.get('hr.employee')
@@ -246,8 +236,6 @@ class hr_evaluation(osv.osv):
 
     def button_final_validation(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         request_obj = self.pool.get('hr.evaluation.interview')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'progress'}, context=context)
         for id in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if len(id.survey_request_ids) != len(request_obj.search(cr, uid, [('evaluation_id', '=', id.id),('state', '=', 'done')], context=context)):
@@ -255,21 +243,15 @@ class hr_evaluation(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def button_done(self,cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids,{'progress': 1 * 100}, context=context)
         self.write(cr, uid, ids,{'state':'done', 'date_close': time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def button_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids,{'state':'cancel'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if 'date' in vals:
             new_vals = {'date_deadline': vals.get('date')}
             obj_hr_eval_iterview = self.pool.get('hr.evaluation.interview')
@@ -306,8 +288,6 @@ class hr_evaluation_interview(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if not ids:
             return []
         reads = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
@@ -318,15 +298,11 @@ class hr_evaluation_interview(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def survey_req_waiting_answer(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, { 'state': 'waiting_answer'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def survey_req_done(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         hr_eval_obj = self.pool.get('hr_evaluation.evaluation')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for id in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             flag = False
             wating_id = 0
@@ -349,14 +325,10 @@ class hr_evaluation_interview(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def survey_req_draft(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, { 'state': 'draft'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def survey_req_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, { 'state': 'cancel'}, context=context)
         return True
 
@@ -371,12 +343,12 @@ class hr_evaluation_interview(osv.osv):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return: Dictionary value for print survey form.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         record = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         record = record and record[0]
         context.update({'survey_id': record.survey_id.id, 'response_id': [record.response.id], 'response_no':0,})
-        value = self.pool.get("survey").action_print_survey(cr, uid, ids, context)
+        value = self.pool.get("survey").action_print_survey(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         return value
 
 hr_evaluation_interview()
diff --git a/addons/hr_evaluation/wizard/hr_evaluation_mail.py b/addons/hr_evaluation/wizard/hr_evaluation_mail.py
index 3464c4beaee..17ad7415cb5 100644
--- a/addons/hr_evaluation/wizard/hr_evaluation_mail.py
+++ b/addons/hr_evaluation/wizard/hr_evaluation_mail.py
@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@ class hr_evaluation_reminder(osv.osv_memory):
 
     def send_mail(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         hr_evaluation_interview_obj = self.pool.get('hr.evaluation.interview')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         evaluation_data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         current_interview = hr_evaluation_interview_obj.browse(cr, uid, evaluation_data.get('evaluation_id'))
         if current_interview.state == "waiting_answer" and current_interview.user_to_review_id.work_email :
diff --git a/addons/hr_expense/hr_expense.py b/addons/hr_expense/hr_expense.py
index 2b72b90218f..acec2f3a240 100644
--- a/addons/hr_expense/hr_expense.py
+++ b/addons/hr_expense/hr_expense.py
@@ -43,15 +43,11 @@ class hr_expense_expense(osv.osv):
         return super(hr_expense_expense, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context=context)
 
     def _amount(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         cr.execute("SELECT s.id,COALESCE(SUM(l.unit_amount*l.unit_quantity),0) AS amount FROM hr_expense_expense s LEFT OUTER JOIN hr_expense_line l ON (s.id=l.expense_id) WHERE s.id IN %s GROUP BY s.id ", (tuple(ids),))
         res = dict(cr.fetchall())
         return res
 
     def _get_currency(self, cr, uid, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         user = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, [uid], context=context)[0]
         if user.company_id:
             return user.company_id.currency_id.id
@@ -101,7 +97,7 @@ class hr_expense_expense(osv.osv):
     def onchange_employee_id(self, cr, uid, ids, employee_id, context=None):
         department_id = False
         if employee_id:
-            department_id = self.pool.get('hr.employee').browse(cr, uid, employee_id).department_id.id or False
+            department_id = self.pool.get('hr.employee').browse(cr, uid, employee_id, context=context).department_id.id or False
         return {'value':{'department_id':department_id}}
 
     def expense_confirm(self, cr, uid, ids, *args):
@@ -217,8 +213,6 @@ class hr_expense_line(osv.osv):
     _description = "Expense Line"
 
     def _amount(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if not ids:
             return {}
         cr.execute("SELECT l.id,COALESCE(SUM(l.unit_amount*l.unit_quantity),0) AS amount FROM hr_expense_line l WHERE id IN %s GROUP BY l.id ",(tuple(ids),))
@@ -246,8 +240,6 @@ class hr_expense_line(osv.osv):
     _order = "sequence, date_value desc"
 
     def onchange_product_id(self, cr, uid, ids, product_id, uom_id, employee_id, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = {}
         if product_id:
             product = self.pool.get('product.product').browse(cr, uid, product_id, context=context)
diff --git a/addons/hr_holidays/hr_holidays.py b/addons/hr_holidays/hr_holidays.py
index f5896f3a722..314e053ac12 100644
--- a/addons/hr_holidays/hr_holidays.py
+++ b/addons/hr_holidays/hr_holidays.py
@@ -36,8 +36,6 @@ class hr_holidays_status(osv.osv):
     _description = "Leave Type"
 
     def get_days_cat(self, cr, uid, ids, category_id, return_false, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
 
         cr.execute("""SELECT id, type, number_of_days, holiday_status_id FROM hr_holidays WHERE category_id = %s AND state='validate' AND holiday_status_id in %s""",
             [category_id, tuple(ids)])
@@ -61,8 +59,6 @@ class hr_holidays_status(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def get_days(self, cr, uid, ids, employee_id, return_false, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
 
         cr.execute("""SELECT id, type, number_of_days, holiday_status_id FROM hr_holidays WHERE employee_id = %s AND state='validate' AND holiday_status_id in %s""",
             [employee_id, tuple(ids)])
@@ -86,8 +82,6 @@ class hr_holidays_status(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def _user_left_days(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         return_false = False
         employee_id = False
         res = {}
@@ -133,8 +127,6 @@ class hr_holidays(osv.osv):
     _order = "type desc, date_from asc"
 
     def _employee_get(obj, cr, uid, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         ids = obj.pool.get('hr.employee').search(cr, uid, [('user_id', '=', uid)], context=context)
         if ids:
             return ids[0]
@@ -177,16 +169,12 @@ class hr_holidays(osv.osv):
 
     def _create_resource_leave(self, cr, uid, vals, context=None):
         '''This method will create entry in resource calendar leave object at the time of holidays validated '''
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         obj_res_leave = self.pool.get('resource.calendar.leaves')
         return obj_res_leave.create(cr, uid, vals, context=context)
 
     def _remove_resouce_leave(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         '''This method will create entry in resource calendar leave object at the time of holidays cancel/removed'''
         obj_res_leave = self.pool.get('resource.calendar.leaves')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         leave_ids = obj_res_leave.search(cr, uid, [('holiday_id', 'in', ids)], context=context)
         return obj_res_leave.unlink(cr, uid, leave_ids)
 
@@ -205,8 +193,6 @@ class hr_holidays(osv.osv):
         return super(hr_holidays, self).create(cr, uid, vals, context=context)
 
     def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if 'holiday_type' in vals:
             if vals['holiday_type'] == 'employee':
                 vals.update({'category_id': False})
@@ -245,7 +231,7 @@ class hr_holidays(osv.osv):
                     self.holidays_cancel(cr, uid, list_ids)
                     self.unlink(cr, uid, list_ids)
 
-    def _check_date(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def _check_date(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         for rec in self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['number_of_days_temp', 'date_from','date_to', 'type']):
             if rec['number_of_days_temp'] < 0:
                 return False
@@ -260,8 +246,6 @@ class hr_holidays(osv.osv):
     _constraints = [(_check_date, 'Start date should not be larger than end date!\nNumber of Days should be greater than 1!', ['number_of_days_temp'])]
 
     def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self._update_user_holidays(cr, uid, ids)
         self._remove_resouce_leave(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         return super(hr_holidays, self).unlink(cr, uid, ids, context)
@@ -283,8 +267,6 @@ class hr_holidays(osv.osv):
         return self.onchange_date_from(cr, uid, ids, date_to, date_from)
 
     def onchange_sec_id(self, cr, uid, ids, status, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         warning = {}
         if status:
             brows_obj = self.pool.get('hr.holidays.status').browse(cr, uid, [status], context=context)[0]
diff --git a/addons/hr_holidays/wizard/hr_holidays_summary_department.py b/addons/hr_holidays/wizard/hr_holidays_summary_department.py
index b7f206b22ab..f21dca92393 100644
--- a/addons/hr_holidays/wizard/hr_holidays_summary_department.py
+++ b/addons/hr_holidays/wizard/hr_holidays_summary_department.py
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ class hr_holidays_summary_dept(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
     def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
         if not data['depts']:
             raise osv.except_osv(_('Error'), _('You have to select at least 1 Department. And try again'))
diff --git a/addons/hr_holidays/wizard/hr_holidays_summary_employees.py b/addons/hr_holidays/wizard/hr_holidays_summary_employees.py
index 984a1f51e4b..b6aeee96b00 100644
--- a/addons/hr_holidays/wizard/hr_holidays_summary_employees.py
+++ b/addons/hr_holidays/wizard/hr_holidays_summary_employees.py
@@ -37,8 +37,6 @@ class hr_holidays_summary_employee(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
     def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
         data['emp'] = context['active_ids']
         datas = {
diff --git a/addons/hr_payroll/hr_payroll.py b/addons/hr_payroll/hr_payroll.py
index 851e3994348..2319b3a352c 100644
--- a/addons/hr_payroll/hr_payroll.py
+++ b/addons/hr_payroll/hr_payroll.py
@@ -114,8 +114,6 @@ class hr_payroll_structure(osv.osv):
 
         @return: returns a id of newly created record
         """
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         code = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context=context).code
         default = {
             'code':code+"(copy)",
@@ -131,13 +129,15 @@ class hr_contract(osv.osv):
     allowas to configure different Salary structure
     """
 
-    def compute_basic(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def compute_basic(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         res = {}
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         ids += context.get('employee_structure', [])
 
         slip_line_pool = self.pool.get('hr.payslip.line')
 
-        for contract in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for contract in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             all_per = 0.0
             ded_per = 0.0
             all_fix = 0.0
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class hr_contract(osv.osv):
         return False
 
     def _calculate_salary(self, cr, uid, ids, field_names, arg, context=None):
-        res = self.compute_basic(cr, uid, ids, context)
+        res = self.compute_basic(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         vals = {}
         for rs in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             allow = 0.0
@@ -422,20 +422,14 @@ class payroll_register(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def set_to_draft(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'draft'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def cancel_sheet(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'cancel'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def verify_sheet(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         slip_pool = self.pool.get('hr.payslip')
 
         for id in ids:
@@ -453,8 +447,6 @@ class payroll_register(osv.osv):
         advice_line_pool = self.pool.get('hr.payroll.advice.line')
         sequence_pool = self.pool.get('ir.sequence')
         users_pool = self.pool.get('res.users')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
 
         for id in ids:
             sids = slip_pool.search(cr, uid, [('register_id','=',id), ('state','=','hr_check')], context=context)
@@ -531,27 +523,19 @@ class payroll_advice(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def confirm_sheet(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'confirm'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def set_to_draft(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'draft'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def cancel_sheet(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'cancel'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def onchange_company_id(self, cr, uid, ids, company_id=False, context=None):
         res = {}
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if company_id:
             company = self.pool.get('res.company').browse(cr, uid, company_id, context=context)
             if company.partner_id.bank_ids:
@@ -583,8 +567,6 @@ class payroll_advice_line(osv.osv):
     def onchange_employee_id(self, cr, uid, ids, ddate, employee_id, context=None):
         vals = {}
         slip_pool = self.pool.get('hr.payslip')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if employee_id:
             dates = prev_bounds(ddate)
             sids = False
@@ -607,7 +589,7 @@ class contrib_register(osv.osv):
     _name = 'hr.contibution.register'
     _description = 'Contribution Register'
 
-    def _total_contrib(self, cr, uid, ids, field_names, arg, context={}):
+    def _total_contrib(self, cr, uid, ids, field_names, arg, context=None):
         line_pool = self.pool.get('hr.contibution.register.line')
 
         res = {}
@@ -648,8 +630,6 @@ class contrib_register_line(osv.osv):
     _description = 'Contribution Register Line'
 
     def _total(self, cr, uid, ids, field_names, arg, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res={}
         for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[line.id] = line.emp_deduction + line.comp_deduction
@@ -761,8 +741,6 @@ class company_contribution(osv.osv):
         uid: user id of current executer
         """
         line_pool = self.pool.get('company.contribution.line')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = 0
         ids = line_pool.search(cr, uid, [('category_id','=',id), ('to_val','>=',value),('from_val','<=',value)], context=context)
         if not ids:
@@ -773,8 +751,8 @@ class company_contribution(osv.osv):
             res = line_pool.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0].value
         return res
 
-    def compute(self, cr, uid, id, value, context={}):
-        contrib = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context)
+    def compute(self, cr, uid, id, value, context=None):
+        contrib = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context=context)
         if contrib.amount_type == 'fix':
             return contrib.contribute_per
         elif contrib.amount_type == 'per':
@@ -837,8 +815,6 @@ class hr_payslip(osv.osv):
 
     def _calculate(self, cr, uid, ids, field_names, arg, context=None):
         slip_line_obj = self.pool.get('hr.payslip.line')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = {}
         for rs in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             allow = 0.0
@@ -933,8 +909,6 @@ class hr_payslip(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         company_id = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id.id
         default = {
             'line_ids': False,
@@ -961,36 +935,26 @@ class hr_payslip(osv.osv):
             slip_move.create(cr, uid, res)
 
     def set_to_draft(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'draft'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def cancel_sheet(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'cancel'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def account_check_sheet(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'accont_check'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def hr_check_sheet(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'hr_check'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def process_sheet(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'paid':True, 'state':'done'}, context=context)
         return True
 
-    def verify_sheet(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def verify_sheet(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         register_pool = self.pool.get('company.contribution')
         register_line_pool = self.pool.get('hr.contibution.register.line')
 
@@ -1021,8 +985,6 @@ class hr_payslip(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def get_contract(self, cr, uid, employee, date, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         sql_req= '''
             SELECT c.id as id, c.wage as wage, struct_id as function
             FROM hr_contract c
@@ -1053,8 +1015,6 @@ class hr_payslip(osv.osv):
 
         @return: return a result
         """
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         result = []
 
         dates = prev_bounds(slip.date)
@@ -1379,8 +1339,6 @@ class hr_payslip_line(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def execute_function(self, cr, uid, id, value, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         line_pool = self.pool.get('hr.payslip.line.line')
         res = 0
         ids = line_pool.search(cr, uid, [('slipline_id','=',id), ('from_val','<=',value), ('to_val','>=',value)], context=context)
@@ -1427,7 +1385,7 @@ class hr_employee(osv.osv):
         vals = {}
         slip_line_pool = self.pool.get('hr.payslip.line')
 
-        for employee in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for employee in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not employee.contract_id:
                 vals[employee.id] = {'basic':0.0, 'gross':0.0, 'net':0.0, 'advantages_gross':0.0, 'advantages_net':0.0}
                 continue
diff --git a/addons/hr_payroll_account/hr_payroll_account.py b/addons/hr_payroll_account/hr_payroll_account.py
index 43788c25f7b..adf1fada169 100644
--- a/addons/hr_payroll_account/hr_payroll_account.py
+++ b/addons/hr_payroll_account/hr_payroll_account.py
@@ -104,16 +104,16 @@ class payroll_register(osv.osv):
         'period_id': fields.many2one('account.period', 'Force Period', domain=[('state','<>','done')], help="Keep empty to use the period of the validation(Payslip) date."),
     }
 
-    def compute_sheet(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def compute_sheet(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         emp_pool = self.pool.get('hr.employee')
         slip_pool = self.pool.get('hr.payslip')
         func_pool = self.pool.get('hr.payroll.structure')
         slip_line_pool = self.pool.get('hr.payslip.line')
         wf_service = netsvc.LocalService("workflow")
-        vals = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)[0]
+        vals = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         emp_ids = emp_pool.search(cr, uid, [])
 
-        for emp in emp_pool.browse(cr, uid, emp_ids):
+        for emp in emp_pool.browse(cr, uid, emp_ids, context=context):
             old_slips = slip_pool.search(cr, uid, [('employee_id','=', emp.id), ('date','=',vals.date)])
             if old_slips:
                 slip_pool.write(cr, uid, old_slips, {'register_id':ids[0]})
@@ -151,24 +151,24 @@ class contrib_register(osv.osv):
     _inherit = 'hr.contibution.register'
     _description = 'Contribution Register'
 
-    def _total_contrib(self, cr, uid, ids, field_names, arg, context={}):
+    def _total_contrib(self, cr, uid, ids, field_names, arg, context=None):
         line_pool = self.pool.get('hr.contibution.register.line')
         period_id = self.pool.get('account.period').search(cr,uid,[('date_start','<=',time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')),('date_stop','>=',time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))])[0]
-        fiscalyear_id = self.pool.get('account.period').browse(cr, uid, period_id).fiscalyear_id
+        fiscalyear_id = self.pool.get('account.period').browse(cr, uid, period_id, context=context).fiscalyear_id
         res = {}
-        for cur in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for cur in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             current = line_pool.search(cr, uid, [('period_id','=',period_id),('register_id','=',cur.id)])
             years = line_pool.search(cr, uid, [('period_id.fiscalyear_id','=',fiscalyear_id.id), ('register_id','=',cur.id)])
 
             e_month = 0.0
             c_month = 0.0
-            for i in line_pool.browse(cr, uid, current):
+            for i in line_pool.browse(cr, uid, current, context=context):
                 e_month += i.emp_deduction
                 c_month += i.comp_deduction
 
             e_year = 0.0
             c_year = 0.0
-            for j in line_pool.browse(cr, uid, years):
+            for j in line_pool.browse(cr, uid, years, context=context):
                 e_year += i.emp_deduction
                 c_year += i.comp_deduction
 
@@ -235,8 +235,6 @@ class hr_payslip(osv.osv):
     def cancel_sheet(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         move_pool = self.pool.get('account.move')
         slip_move = self.pool.get('hr.payslip.account.move')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         move_ids = []
         for slip in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for line in slip.move_ids:
@@ -256,8 +254,6 @@ class hr_payslip(osv.osv):
         invoice_pool = self.pool.get('account.invoice')
         fiscalyear_pool = self.pool.get('account.fiscalyear')
         period_pool = self.pool.get('account.period')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
 
         for slip in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             line_ids = []
@@ -398,14 +394,10 @@ class hr_payslip(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def account_check_sheet(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'accont_check'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def hr_check_sheet(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'hr_check'}, context=context)
         return True
 
@@ -418,8 +410,6 @@ class hr_payslip(osv.osv):
         property_pool = self.pool.get('ir.property')
         payslip_pool = self.pool.get('hr.payslip.line')
 
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for slip in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             total_deduct = 0.0
 
diff --git a/addons/hr_recruitment/hr_recruitment.py b/addons/hr_recruitment/hr_recruitment.py
index fcbb0ffbb5c..7aebc3ef268 100644
--- a/addons/hr_recruitment/hr_recruitment.py
+++ b/addons/hr_recruitment/hr_recruitment.py
@@ -82,8 +82,6 @@ class hr_applicant(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
     _inherit = ['mailgate.thread']
 
     def _compute_day(self, cr, uid, ids, fields, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         """
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
@@ -165,8 +163,6 @@ class hr_applicant(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
     }
 
     def _get_stage(self, cr, uid, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         ids = self.pool.get('hr.recruitment.stage').search(cr, uid, [], context=context)
         return ids and ids[0] or False
 
@@ -181,8 +177,6 @@ class hr_applicant(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
     }
 
     def onchange_job(self,cr, uid, ids, job, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         result = {}
 
         if job:
@@ -200,8 +194,6 @@ class hr_applicant(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
         @param ids: List of case IDs
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values"""
         stage_obj = self.pool.get('hr.recruitment.stage')
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         for case in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             department = (case.department_id.id or False)
             st = case.stage_id.id  or False
@@ -219,8 +211,6 @@ class hr_applicant(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
         @param ids: List of case IDs
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values"""
         stage_obj = self.pool.get('hr.recruitment.stage')
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         for case in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             department = (case.department_id.id or False)
             st = case.stage_id.id  or False
@@ -291,12 +281,12 @@ class hr_applicant(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return: Dictionary value for print survey form.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         record = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         record = record and record[0]
         context.update({'survey_id': record.survey.id, 'response_id': [record.response], 'response_no': 0, })
-        value = self.pool.get("survey").action_print_survey(cr, uid, ids, context)
+        value = self.pool.get("survey").action_print_survey(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         return value
 
     def message_new(self, cr, uid, msg, context=None):
@@ -309,8 +299,6 @@ class hr_applicant(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
         """
         mailgate_pool = self.pool.get('email.server.tools')
         attach_obj = self.pool.get('ir.attachment')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
 
         subject = msg.get('subject')
         body = msg.get('body')
@@ -353,8 +341,6 @@ class hr_applicant(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
         @param ids: List of update mail’s IDs
         """
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
 
         if isinstance(ids, (str, int, long)):
             ids = [ids]
diff --git a/addons/hr_recruitment/wizard/hr_recruitment_phonecall.py b/addons/hr_recruitment/wizard/hr_recruitment_phonecall.py
index 08d749ecfd1..ecb6a7cb3a4 100644
--- a/addons/hr_recruitment/wizard/hr_recruitment_phonecall.py
+++ b/addons/hr_recruitment/wizard/hr_recruitment_phonecall.py
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ class job2phonecall(osv.osv_memory):
         case_obj = self.pool.get('hr.applicant')
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        case = case_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['active_id'], context=context)
+        case = case_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id', False), context=context)
         return case.user_id and case.user_id.id or False
 
     def _date_category(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         case_obj = self.pool.get('hr.applicant')
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        case = case_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['active_id'], context=context)
+        case = case_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id', False), context=context)
         categ_id = self.pool.get('crm.case.categ').search(cr, uid, [('name','=','Outbound')], context=context)
         return categ_id and categ_id[0] or case.categ_id and case.categ_id.id or False
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class job2phonecall(osv.osv_memory):
         case_obj = self.pool.get('hr.applicant')
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        case = case_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['active_id'], context=context)
+        case = case_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id', False), context=context)
         return case.description or ''
 
     _defaults = {
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class job2phonecall(osv.osv_memory):
         if id3:
             id3 = data_obj.browse(cr, uid, id3, context=context).res_id
 
-        for job in job_case_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['active_ids'], context=context):
+        for job in job_case_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
             #TODO: Take other info from job
             new_phonecall_id = phonecall_case_obj.create(cr, uid, {
                         'name': job.name,
diff --git a/addons/hr_timesheet/hr_timesheet.py b/addons/hr_timesheet/hr_timesheet.py
index e03b7f93b3b..65310cd59ac 100644
--- a/addons/hr_timesheet/hr_timesheet.py
+++ b/addons/hr_timesheet/hr_timesheet.py
@@ -70,8 +70,6 @@ class hr_analytic_timesheet(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         toremove = {}
         for obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             toremove[obj.line_id.id] = True
@@ -80,8 +78,6 @@ class hr_analytic_timesheet(osv.osv):
 
 
     def on_change_unit_amount(self, cr, uid, id, prod_id, unit_amount, company_id, unit=False, journal_id=False, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = {'value':{}}
         if prod_id and unit_amount:
             # find company
diff --git a/addons/hr_timesheet/wizard/hr_timesheet_print_employee.py b/addons/hr_timesheet/wizard/hr_timesheet_print_employee.py
index 9d00cbe26cb..9775a8518ff 100644
--- a/addons/hr_timesheet/wizard/hr_timesheet_print_employee.py
+++ b/addons/hr_timesheet/wizard/hr_timesheet_print_employee.py
@@ -37,8 +37,6 @@ class analytical_timesheet_employee(osv.osv_memory):
     def _get_user(self, cr, uid, context=None):
 
         emp_obj = self.pool.get('hr.employee')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         emp_id = emp_obj.search(cr, uid, [('user_id', '=', uid)], context=context)
         if not emp_id:
             raise osv.except_osv(_("Warning"), _("No employee defined for this user"))
@@ -51,8 +49,6 @@ class analytical_timesheet_employee(osv.osv_memory):
              }
 
     def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         datas = {
              'ids': [],
diff --git a/addons/hr_timesheet/wizard/hr_timesheet_print_users.py b/addons/hr_timesheet/wizard/hr_timesheet_print_users.py
index 53d4427482f..865ccacb393 100644
--- a/addons/hr_timesheet/wizard/hr_timesheet_print_users.py
+++ b/addons/hr_timesheet/wizard/hr_timesheet_print_users.py
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ class analytical_timesheet_employees(osv.osv_memory):
              }
 
     def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         datas = {
              'ids': [],
diff --git a/addons/hr_timesheet/wizard/hr_timesheet_sign_in_out.py b/addons/hr_timesheet/wizard/hr_timesheet_sign_in_out.py
index cf1e10bce37..596076cf336 100644
--- a/addons/hr_timesheet/wizard/hr_timesheet_sign_in_out.py
+++ b/addons/hr_timesheet/wizard/hr_timesheet_sign_in_out.py
@@ -40,16 +40,12 @@ class hr_so_project(osv.osv_memory):
 
     def _get_empid(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         emp_obj = self.pool.get('hr.employee')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         emp_ids = emp_obj.search(cr, uid, [('user_id', '=', uid)], context=context)
         if emp_ids:
             for employee in emp_obj.browse(cr, uid, emp_ids, context=context):
                 return {'name': employee.name, 'state': employee.state, 'emp_id': emp_ids[0], 'server_date':time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}
 
     def _get_empid2(self, cr, uid, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = self._get_empid(cr, uid, context=context)
         cr.execute('select name,action from hr_attendance where employee_id=%s order by name desc limit 1', (res['emp_id'],))
 
@@ -61,8 +57,6 @@ class hr_so_project(osv.osv_memory):
         return res
 
     def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields_list, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = super(hr_so_project, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields_list, context=context)
         res.update(self._get_empid2(cr, uid, context=context))
         return res
@@ -94,8 +88,6 @@ class hr_so_project(osv.osv_memory):
         return timesheet_obj.create(cr, uid, res, context=context)
 
     def sign_out_result_end(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         emp_obj = self.pool.get('hr.employee')
         for data in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             emp_id = data.emp_id.id
@@ -104,8 +96,6 @@ class hr_so_project(osv.osv_memory):
         return {}
 
     def sign_out_result(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         emp_obj = self.pool.get('hr.employee')
         for data in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             emp_id = data.emp_id.id
@@ -137,8 +127,6 @@ class hr_si_project(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
         emp_obj = self.pool.get('hr.employee')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         emp_id = emp_obj.search(cr, uid, [('user_id', '=', uid)], context=context)
         if not emp_id:
             raise osv.except_osv(_('UserError'), _('No employee defined for your user !'))
@@ -146,8 +134,6 @@ class hr_si_project(osv.osv_memory):
 
     def check_state(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         obj_model = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         emp_id = self.default_get(cr, uid, context)['emp_id']
         # get the latest action (sign_in or out) for this employee
         cr.execute('select action from hr_attendance where employee_id=%s and action in (\'sign_in\',\'sign_out\') order by name desc limit 1', (emp_id,))
@@ -168,8 +154,6 @@ class hr_si_project(osv.osv_memory):
 
     def sign_in_result(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         emp_obj = self.pool.get('hr.employee')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for data in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             emp_id = data.emp_id.id
             emp_obj.attendance_action_change(cr, uid, [emp_id], type = 'sign_in' ,dt=data.date or False)
@@ -177,8 +161,6 @@ class hr_si_project(osv.osv_memory):
 
     def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields_list, context=None):
         res = super(hr_si_project, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields_list, context=context)
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         emp_obj = self.pool.get('hr.employee')
         emp_id = emp_obj.search(cr, uid, [('user_id', '=', uid)], context=context)
         if emp_id:
diff --git a/addons/hr_timesheet_invoice/hr_timesheet_invoice.py b/addons/hr_timesheet_invoice/hr_timesheet_invoice.py
index 6d022a3c926..54d82ed2c79 100644
--- a/addons/hr_timesheet_invoice/hr_timesheet_invoice.py
+++ b/addons/hr_timesheet_invoice/hr_timesheet_invoice.py
@@ -41,8 +41,6 @@ hr_timesheet_invoice_factor()
 class account_analytic_account(osv.osv):
     def _invoiced_calc(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         obj_invoice = self.pool.get('account.invoice')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = {}
 
         cr.execute('SELECT account_id as account_id, l.invoice_id '
@@ -90,14 +88,10 @@ class account_analytic_line(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def unlink(self, cursor, user, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         return super(account_analytic_line,self).unlink(cursor, user, ids,
                 context=context)
 
     def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self._check_inv(cr, uid, ids, vals)
         return super(account_analytic_line,self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals,
                 context=context)
@@ -114,8 +108,6 @@ class account_analytic_line(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def copy(self, cursor, user, obj_id, default=None, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if default is None:
             default = {}
         default = default.copy()
@@ -144,8 +136,6 @@ class hr_analytic_timesheet(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def copy(self, cursor, user, obj_id, default=None, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if default is None:
             default = {}
         default = default.copy()
diff --git a/addons/hr_timesheet_invoice/wizard/hr_timesheet_analytic_profit.py b/addons/hr_timesheet_invoice/wizard/hr_timesheet_analytic_profit.py
index 4630ea1e833..068119c44a1 100644
--- a/addons/hr_timesheet_invoice/wizard/hr_timesheet_analytic_profit.py
+++ b/addons/hr_timesheet_invoice/wizard/hr_timesheet_analytic_profit.py
@@ -46,8 +46,6 @@ class account_analytic_profit(osv.osv_memory):
 
     def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         line_obj = self.pool.get('account.analytic.line')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         data = {}
         data['form'] = self.read(cr, uid , ids, [], context=context)[0]
         ids_chk = line_obj.search(cr, uid, [
diff --git a/addons/hr_timesheet_sheet/hr_timesheet_sheet.py b/addons/hr_timesheet_sheet/hr_timesheet_sheet.py
index 04cdc7231e5..e3ddd4fed6a 100644
--- a/addons/hr_timesheet_sheet/hr_timesheet_sheet.py
+++ b/addons/hr_timesheet_sheet/hr_timesheet_sheet.py
@@ -116,8 +116,6 @@ class hr_timesheet_sheet(osv.osv):
 
     def _total_day(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
         res = {}
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         cr.execute('SELECT sheet.id, day.total_attendance, day.total_timesheet, day.total_difference\
                 FROM hr_timesheet_sheet_sheet AS sheet \
                 LEFT JOIN hr_timesheet_sheet_sheet_day AS day \
@@ -133,8 +131,6 @@ class hr_timesheet_sheet(osv.osv):
 
     def _total(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
         res = {}
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         cr.execute('SELECT s.id, COALESCE(SUM(d.total_attendance),0), COALESCE(SUM(d.total_timesheet),0), COALESCE(SUM(d.total_difference),0) \
                 FROM hr_timesheet_sheet_sheet s \
                     LEFT JOIN hr_timesheet_sheet_sheet_day d \
@@ -152,8 +148,6 @@ class hr_timesheet_sheet(osv.osv):
         result = {}
         link_emp = {}
         emp_ids = []
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
 
         for sheet in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             result[sheet.id] = 'none'
@@ -195,8 +189,6 @@ class hr_timesheet_sheet(osv.osv):
         return super(hr_timesheet_sheet, self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, *args, **argv)
 
     def button_confirm(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for sheet in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             self.check_employee_attendance_state(cr, uid, sheet.id, context)
             di = sheet.user_id.company_id.timesheet_max_difference
@@ -208,8 +200,6 @@ class hr_timesheet_sheet(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def date_today(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for sheet in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if datetime.today() <= datetime.strptime(sheet.date_from, '%Y-%m-%d'):
                 self.write(cr, uid, [sheet.id], {'date_current': sheet.date_from,}, context=context)
@@ -220,8 +210,6 @@ class hr_timesheet_sheet(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def date_previous(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for sheet in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if datetime.strptime(sheet.date_current, '%Y-%m-%d') <= datetime.strptime(sheet.date_from, '%Y-%m-%d'):
                 self.write(cr, uid, [sheet.id], {'date_current': sheet.date_from,}, context=context)
@@ -232,8 +220,6 @@ class hr_timesheet_sheet(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def date_next(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for sheet in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if datetime.strptime(sheet.date_current, '%Y-%m-%d') >= datetime.strptime(sheet.date_to, '%Y-%m-%d'):
                 self.write(cr, uid, [sheet.id], {'date_current': sheet.date_to,}, context=context)
@@ -244,8 +230,6 @@ class hr_timesheet_sheet(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def button_dummy(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for sheet in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if datetime.strptime(sheet.date_current, '%Y-%m-%d') <= datetime.strptime(sheet.date_from, '%Y-%m-%d'):
                 self.write(cr, uid, [sheet.id], {'date_current': sheet.date_from,}, context=context)
@@ -312,8 +296,6 @@ class hr_timesheet_sheet(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def _default_date_from(self,cr, uid, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         user = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context)
         r = user.company_id and user.company_id.timesheet_range or 'month'
         if r=='month':
@@ -348,8 +330,8 @@ class hr_timesheet_sheet(osv.osv):
         'company_id': lambda self, cr, uid, c: self.pool.get('res.company')._company_default_get(cr, uid, 'hr_timesheet_sheet.sheet', context=c)
     }
 
-    def _sheet_date(self, cr, uid, ids, forced_user_id=False):
-        for sheet in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+    def _sheet_date(self, cr, uid, ids, forced_user_id=False, context=None):
+        for sheet in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             new_user_id = forced_user_id or sheet.user_id and sheet.user_id.id
             if new_user_id:
                 cr.execute('SELECT id \
@@ -361,8 +343,8 @@ class hr_timesheet_sheet(osv.osv):
                     return False
         return True
 
-    def _date_current_check(self, cr, uid, ids):
-        for sheet in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+    def _date_current_check(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        for sheet in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if sheet.date_current < sheet.date_from or sheet.date_current > sheet.date_to:
                 return False
         return True
@@ -381,8 +363,6 @@ class hr_timesheet_sheet(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if not len(ids):
             return []
         return [(r['id'], r['date_from'] + ' - ' + r['date_to']) \
@@ -390,8 +370,6 @@ class hr_timesheet_sheet(osv.osv):
                     context=context, load='_classic_write')]
 
     def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         sheets = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['state','total_attendance'], context=context)
         for sheet in sheets:
             if sheet['state'] in ('confirm', 'done'):
@@ -415,8 +393,6 @@ class hr_timesheet_line(osv.osv):
 
     def _sheet(self, cursor, user, ids, name, args, context=None):
         sheet_obj = self.pool.get('hr_timesheet_sheet.sheet')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         cursor.execute('SELECT l.id, COALESCE(MAX(s.id), 0) \
                 FROM hr_timesheet_sheet_sheet s \
                     LEFT JOIN (hr_analytic_timesheet l \
@@ -441,8 +417,6 @@ class hr_timesheet_line(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def _sheet_search(self, cursor, user, obj, name, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if not len(args):
             return []
         sheet_obj = self.pool.get('hr_timesheet_sheet.sheet')
@@ -537,8 +511,6 @@ class hr_attendance(osv.osv):
         return time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
 
     def _sheet(self, cursor, user, ids, name, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         sheet_obj = self.pool.get('hr_timesheet_sheet.sheet')
         cursor.execute("SELECT a.id, COALESCE(MAX(s.id), 0) \
                 FROM hr_timesheet_sheet_sheet s \
@@ -569,8 +541,6 @@ class hr_attendance(osv.osv):
             return []
 
         sheet_obj = self.pool.get('hr_timesheet_sheet.sheet')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         i = 0
         while i < len(args):
             fargs = args[i][0].split('.', 1)
diff --git a/addons/idea/idea.py b/addons/idea/idea.py
index b7b7840a3f5..deda3ab1350 100644
--- a/addons/idea/idea.py
+++ b/addons/idea/idea.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class idea_idea(osv.osv):
     _name = 'idea.idea'
     _rec_name = 'name'
 
-    def _vote_avg_compute(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context = None):
+    def _vote_avg_compute(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
 
         """ compute average for voting
          @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class idea_idea(osv.osv):
         cr.execute(sql, (tuple(ids),))
         return dict(cr.fetchall())
 
-    def _vote_read(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context = None):
+    def _vote_read(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
 
         """ Read Vote
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -125,13 +125,13 @@ class idea_idea(osv.osv):
             res[id] = '-1'
         vote_obj = self.pool.get('idea.vote')
         votes_ids = vote_obj.search(cr, uid, [('idea_id', 'in', ids), ('user_id', '=', uid)])
-        vote_obj_id = vote_obj.browse(cr, uid, votes_ids, context)
+        vote_obj_id = vote_obj.browse(cr, uid, votes_ids, context=context)
 
         for vote in vote_obj_id:
             res[vote.idea_id.id] = vote.score
         return res
 
-    def _vote_save(self, cr, uid, id, field_name, field_value, arg, context = None):
+    def _vote_save(self, cr, uid, id, field_name, field_value, arg, context=None):
 
         """ save Vote
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class idea_idea(osv.osv):
     }
     _order = 'id desc'
 
-    def create(self, cr, user, vals, context={}):
+    def create(self, cr, user, vals, context=None):
         """
         Create a new record for a model idea_idea
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -203,17 +203,17 @@ class idea_idea(osv.osv):
 
         if vals.get('category_id', False):
             category_pool = self.pool.get('idea.category')
-            category = category_pool.browse(cr, user, vals.get('category_id'), context)
+            category = category_pool.browse(cr, user, vals.get('category_id'), context=context)
             visibility = category.visibility
 
         vals.update({
             'visibility':visibility
         })
 
-        res_id = super(idea_idea, self).create(cr, user, vals, context)
+        res_id = super(idea_idea, self).create(cr, user, vals, context=context)
         return res_id
 
-    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default={}, context={}):
+    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default={}, context=None):
         """
         Create the new record in idea_idea model from existing one
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class idea_idea(osv.osv):
             'stat_vote_ids':False
 
         })
-        res_id = super(idea_idea, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context)
+        res_id = super(idea_idea, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context=context)
         return res_id
 
     def write(self, cr, user, ids, vals, context=None):
@@ -246,14 +246,13 @@ class idea_idea(osv.osv):
 
         @return: Returns True on success, False otherwise
         """
-
-        state = self.browse(cr, user, ids[0]).state
+        state = self.browse(cr, user, ids[0], context=context).state
 
         if vals.get('my_vote', False):
             if vals.get('state', state) != 'open':
                 raise osv.except_osv(_("Warning !"), _("Draft/Accepted/Cancelled ideas Could not be voted"))
 
-        res = super(idea_idea, self).write(cr, user, ids, vals, context)
+        res = super(idea_idea, self).write(cr, user, ids, vals, context=context)
         return res
 
     def idea_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids):
diff --git a/addons/idea/wizard/idea_post_vote.py b/addons/idea/wizard/idea_post_vote.py
index 7dacbcfedac..712f84d4053 100644
--- a/addons/idea/wizard/idea_post_vote.py
+++ b/addons/idea/wizard/idea_post_vote.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class idea_post_vote(osv.osv_memory):
         'note': fields.text('Description'),
     }
 
-    def get_default(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def get_default(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         """
         This function checks for precondition before wizard executes
         @param self: The object pointer
@@ -48,10 +48,12 @@ class idea_post_vote(osv.osv_memory):
         @param fields: List of fields for default value
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         idea_obj = self.pool.get('idea.idea')
 
         if context.get('active_id'):
-            idea = idea_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id'))
+            idea = idea_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id'), context=context)
             return idea.my_vote
         else:
             return 75
@@ -72,7 +74,7 @@ class idea_post_vote(osv.osv_memory):
         idea_obj = self.pool.get('idea.idea')
         vote_obj = self.pool.get('idea.vote')
 
-        for idea in idea_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):
+        for idea in idea_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
 
             for active_id in context.get('active_ids'):
 
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ class idea_post_vote(osv.osv_memory):
         idea_pool = self.pool.get('idea.idea')
         comment_pool = self.pool.get('idea.comment')
 
-        for do_vote_obj in self.read(cr, uid, ids):
+        for do_vote_obj in self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             score = str(do_vote_obj['vote'])
             comment = do_vote_obj.get('note', False)
             vote = {
@@ -147,7 +149,9 @@ class idea_select(osv.osv_memory):
        @param ids: List of load column,
        @return: dictionary of query logs clear message window
        """
-       idea_obj = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+       if context is None:
+            context = {}
+       idea_obj = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
        for idea in idea_obj:
            idea_id = idea.idea_id.id
 
diff --git a/addons/l10n_be/wizard/l10_be_partner_vat_listing.py b/addons/l10n_be/wizard/l10_be_partner_vat_listing.py
index 6776f9c42e1..dcb9b01afe0 100644
--- a/addons/l10n_be/wizard/l10_be_partner_vat_listing.py
+++ b/addons/l10n_be/wizard/l10_be_partner_vat_listing.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class vat_listing_clients(osv.osv_memory):
         'amount': fields.float('Amount'),
         'turnover': fields.float('Turnover'),
             }
-    def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         if not len(ids):
             return []
         return [(r['id'], r['name'] or '' + ' - ' + r['vat'] or '') \
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class partner_vat(osv.osv_memory):
     """ Vat Listing """
     _name = "partner.vat"
 
-    def get_partner(self, cursor, user, ids, context={}):
+    def get_partner(self, cursor, user, ids, context=None):
         obj_period = self.pool.get('account.period')
         obj_partner = self.pool.get('res.partner')
         obj_vat_lclient = self.pool.get('vat.listing.clients')
@@ -131,14 +131,14 @@ class partner_vat_list(osv.osv_memory):
         'file_save' : fields.binary('Save File', readonly=True),
         }
 
-    def _get_partners(self, cursor, user, context={}):
+    def _get_partners(self, cursor, user, context=None):
         return context.get('partner_ids', [])
 
     _defaults={
         'partner_ids': _get_partners
             }
 
-    def create_xml(self, cursor, user, ids, context={}):
+    def create_xml(self, cursor, user, ids, context=None):
         datas = []
         obj_sequence = self.pool.get('ir.sequence')
         obj_users = self.pool.get('res.users')
diff --git a/addons/l10n_ch/invoice.py b/addons/l10n_ch/invoice.py
index 2bea9ba35b7..0fa14de41c7 100644
--- a/addons/l10n_ch/invoice.py
+++ b/addons/l10n_ch/invoice.py
@@ -96,13 +96,13 @@ class account_invoice(osv.osv):
     ## @param user res.user.id that is currently loged
     ## @parma ids invoices id
     ## @return a boolean True if valid False if invalid
-    def _check_bvr(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def _check_bvr(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         Function to validate a bvr reference like :
         0100054150009>132000000000000000000000014+ 1300132412>
         The validation is based on l10n_ch
         """
-        invoices = self.browse(cr,uid,ids)
+        invoices = self.browse(cr,uid,ids, context=context)
         for invoice in invoices:
             if invoice.reference_type == 'bvr':
                 if not invoice.reference:
@@ -123,10 +123,10 @@ class account_invoice(osv.osv):
     ## @param user res.user.id that is currently loged
     ## @parma ids invoices id
     ## @return a boolean True if valid False if invalid
-    def _check_reference_type(self, cursor, user, ids):
+    def _check_reference_type(self, cursor, user, ids, context=None):
         """Check the customer invoice reference type depending
         on the BVR reference type and the invoice partner bank type"""
-        for invoice in self.browse(cursor, user, ids):
+        for invoice in self.browse(cursor, user, ids, context=context):
             if invoice.type in 'in_invoice':
                 if invoice.partner_bank_id and \
                         invoice.partner_bank_id.state in \
diff --git a/addons/l10n_ch/wizard/create_dta.py b/addons/l10n_ch/wizard/create_dta.py
index 6d05cabd8e7..489739798ec 100644
--- a/addons/l10n_ch/wizard/create_dta.py
+++ b/addons/l10n_ch/wizard/create_dta.py
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ class create_dta_wizard(osv.osv_memory):
         'dta_file':fields.binary('DTA File', readonly=True)
     }
     def create_dta(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         data = {}
         active_ids = context.get('active_ids', [])
diff --git a/addons/lunch/lunch.py b/addons/lunch/lunch.py
index 5a777564408..1499dd4414e 100644
--- a/addons/lunch/lunch.py
+++ b/addons/lunch/lunch.py
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class lunch_cashbox(osv.osv):
     _description = "Cashbox for Lunch "
 
 
-    def amount_available(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context):
+    def amount_available(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
 
         """ count available amount
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class lunch_order(osv.osv):
          @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values """
 
         res = {}
-        for price in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for price in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[price.id] = price.product.price
         return res
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class lunch_order(osv.osv):
         'state': lambda self, cr, uid, context: 'draft',
     }
 
-    def confirm(self, cr, uid, ids, box, context):
+    def confirm(self, cr, uid, ids, box, context=None):
 
         """ confirm order
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ class lunch_order(osv.osv):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values """
 
         cashmove_ref = self.pool.get('lunch.cashmove')
-        for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if order.state == 'confirmed':
                 continue
             new_id = cashmove_ref.create(cr, uid, {'name': order.product.name+' order',
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class lunch_order(osv.osv):
             self.write(cr, uid, [order.id], {'cashmove': new_id, 'state': 'confirmed'})
         return {}
 
-    def lunch_order_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def lunch_order_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
 
         """" cancel order
          @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ class lunch_order(osv.osv):
          @param ids: List of create menu’s IDs
          @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values """
 
-        orders = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+        orders = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         for order in orders:
             if not order.cashmove:
                 continue
diff --git a/addons/lunch/wizard/lunch_cashbox_clean.py b/addons/lunch/wizard/lunch_cashbox_clean.py
index 967d77676f1..9c03173fd0e 100644
--- a/addons/lunch/wizard/lunch_cashbox_clean.py
+++ b/addons/lunch/wizard/lunch_cashbox_clean.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class lunch_cashbox_clean(osv.osv_memory):
      _name = "lunch.cashbox.clean"
      _description = "clean cashbox"
 
-     def set_to_zero(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+     def set_to_zero(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
 
          """
          clean Cashbox. set active fields False.
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ class lunch_cashbox_clean(osv.osv_memory):
          @return:Dictionary {}.
          """
          #TOFIX: use orm methods
+         if context is None:
+            context = {}
          data = context and context.get('active_ids', []) or []
          cashmove_ref = self.pool.get('lunch.cashmove')
          cr.execute("select user_cashmove, box,sum(amount) from lunch_cashmove \
diff --git a/addons/lunch/wizard/lunch_order_cancel.py b/addons/lunch/wizard/lunch_order_cancel.py
index c17c4e651ff..a0c8779b323 100644
--- a/addons/lunch/wizard/lunch_order_cancel.py
+++ b/addons/lunch/wizard/lunch_order_cancel.py
@@ -27,13 +27,15 @@ class lunch_order_cancel(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = "lunch.order.cancel"
     _description = "Cancel Order"
 
-    def cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         Cancel cashmove entry from cashmoves and update state to draft.
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
         @param ids: List  Lunch Order Cancel’s IDs
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         data = context and context.get('active_ids', []) or []
         return self.pool.get('lunch.order').lunch_order_cancel(cr, uid, data, context)
 
diff --git a/addons/lunch/wizard/lunch_order_confirm.py b/addons/lunch/wizard/lunch_order_confirm.py
index 1827e7f5c91..4a9ba66ce9f 100644
--- a/addons/lunch/wizard/lunch_order_confirm.py
+++ b/addons/lunch/wizard/lunch_order_confirm.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class lunch_order_confirm(osv.osv_memory):
         'confirm_cashbox':fields.many2one('lunch.cashbox', 'Name of box', required=True),
     }
 
-    def confirm(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def confirm(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         confirm Lunch Order.Create cashmoves in launch cashmoves when state is
                         confirm in lunch order.
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ class lunch_order_confirm(osv.osv_memory):
         @param ids: List  Lunch Order confirm’s IDs
         @return: Dictionary {}.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         data = context and context.get('active_ids', []) or []
         order_ref = self.pool.get('lunch.order')
 
diff --git a/addons/mail_gateway/mail_gateway.py b/addons/mail_gateway/mail_gateway.py
index 443d46a4fae..ed5489fda79 100644
--- a/addons/mail_gateway/mail_gateway.py
+++ b/addons/mail_gateway/mail_gateway.py
@@ -54,8 +54,6 @@ class mailgate_thread(osv.osv):
         @param default: Dictionary of default values for copy.
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if default is None:
             default = {}
 
@@ -69,7 +67,7 @@ class mailgate_thread(osv.osv):
     def message_new(self, cr, uid, msg, context):
         raise Exception, _('Method is not implemented')
 
-    def message_update(self, cr, uid, ids, vals={}, msg="", default_act='pending', context={}):
+    def message_update(self, cr, uid, ids, vals={}, msg="", default_act='pending', context=None):
         raise Exception, _('Method is not implemented')
 
     def message_followers(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
@@ -179,7 +177,7 @@ class mailgate_message(osv.osv):
     '''
     Mailgateway Message
     '''
-    def open_document(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def open_document(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ To Open Document
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -190,7 +188,7 @@ class mailgate_message(osv.osv):
         action_data = False
         if ids:
             message_id = ids[0]
-            mailgate_data = self.browse(cr, uid, message_id)
+            mailgate_data = self.browse(cr, uid, message_id, context=context)
             model = mailgate_data.model
             res_id = mailgate_data.res_id
 
@@ -205,7 +203,7 @@ class mailgate_message(osv.osv):
                     })
         return action_data
 
-    def open_attachment(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def open_attachment(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ To Open attachments
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -215,7 +213,7 @@ class mailgate_message(osv.osv):
         """
         action_data = False
         action_pool = self.pool.get('ir.actions.act_window')
-        message_pool = self.browse(cr ,uid, ids)[0]
+        message_pool = self.browse(cr ,uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         action_ids = action_pool.search(cr, uid, [('res_model', '=', 'ir.attachment')])
         if action_ids:
             action_data = action_pool.read(cr, uid, action_ids[0], context=context)
@@ -391,7 +389,7 @@ class mailgate_tool(osv.osv_memory):
         if isinstance(message, xmlrpclib.Binary):
             message = str(message.data)
 
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         if custom_values is None or not isinstance(custom_values, dict):
@@ -404,7 +402,7 @@ class mailgate_tool(osv.osv_memory):
         def create_record(msg):
             att_ids = []
             if hasattr(model_pool, 'message_new'):
-                res_id = model_pool.message_new(cr, uid, msg, context)
+                res_id = model_pool.message_new(cr, uid, msg, context=context)
                 if custom_values:
                     model_pool.write(cr, uid, [res_id], custom_values, context=context)
             else:
diff --git a/addons/marketing_campaign/marketing_campaign.py b/addons/marketing_campaign/marketing_campaign.py
index d0d18c043db..041515da436 100644
--- a/addons/marketing_campaign/marketing_campaign.py
+++ b/addons/marketing_campaign/marketing_campaign.py
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ Normal - the campaign runs normally and automatically sends all emails and repor
         domain = [('object_id.model', '=', record._table._name),
                   ('state', '=', 'running')]
         campaign_ids = self.search(cr, uid, domain, context=context)
-        for campaign in self.browse(cr, uid, campaign_ids, context):
+        for campaign in self.browse(cr, uid, campaign_ids, context=context):
             for activity in campaign.activity_ids:
                 if activity.signal != signal:
                     continue
@@ -247,8 +247,6 @@ class marketing_campaign_segment(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def _check_model(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         for obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not obj.ir_filter_id:
                 return True
@@ -470,7 +468,7 @@ class marketing_campaign_activity(osv.osv):
 
         workitem_obj = self.pool.get('marketing.campaign.workitem')
         workitem = workitem_obj.browse(cr, uid, wi_id, context=context)
-        return action(cr, uid, activity, workitem, context)
+        return action(cr, uid, activity, workitem, context=context)
 
 marketing_campaign_activity()
 
@@ -498,7 +496,7 @@ class marketing_campaign_transition(osv.osv):
 
     def _delta(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         assert len(ids) == 1
-        transition = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context)
+        transition = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
         if transition.trigger != 'time':
             raise ValueError('Delta is only relevant for timed transiton')
         return relativedelta(**{str(transition.interval_type): transition.interval_nbr})
@@ -531,8 +529,6 @@ class marketing_campaign_transition(osv.osv):
         'trigger': 'time',
     }
     def _check_campaign(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         for obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if obj.activity_from_id.campaign_id != obj.activity_to_id.campaign_id:
                 return False
@@ -566,8 +562,6 @@ class marketing_campaign_workitem(osv.osv):
 
     def _resource_search(self, cr, uid, obj, name, args, domain=None, context=None):
         """Returns id of workitem whose resource_name matches  with the given name"""
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if not len(args):
             return []
 
@@ -614,13 +608,13 @@ class marketing_campaign_workitem(osv.osv):
         'date': False,
     }
 
-    def button_draft(self, cr, uid, workitem_ids, context={}):
+    def button_draft(self, cr, uid, workitem_ids, context=None):
         for wi in self.browse(cr, uid, workitem_ids, context=context):
             if wi.state in ('exception', 'cancelled'):
                 self.write(cr, uid, [wi.id], {'state':'todo'}, context=context)
         return True
 
-    def button_cancel(self, cr, uid, workitem_ids, context={}):
+    def button_cancel(self, cr, uid, workitem_ids, context=None):
         for wi in self.browse(cr, uid, workitem_ids, context=context):
             if wi.state in ('todo','exception'):
                 self.write(cr, uid, [wi.id], {'state':'cancelled'}, context=context)
@@ -714,8 +708,8 @@ class marketing_campaign_workitem(osv.osv):
                      context=context)
 
     def process(self, cr, uid, workitem_ids, context=None):
-        for wi in self.browse(cr, uid, workitem_ids, context):
-            self._process_one(cr, uid, wi, context)
+        for wi in self.browse(cr, uid, workitem_ids, context=context):
+            self._process_one(cr, uid, wi, context=context)
         return True
 
     def process_all(self, cr, uid, camp_ids=None, context=None):
@@ -735,12 +729,12 @@ class marketing_campaign_workitem(osv.osv):
                 if not workitem_ids:
                     break
 
-                self.process(cr, uid, workitem_ids, context)
+                self.process(cr, uid, workitem_ids, context=context)
         return True
 
-    def preview(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def preview(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         res = {}
-        wi_obj = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context)
+        wi_obj = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
         if wi_obj.activity_id.type == 'email':
             data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
             data_id = data_obj._get_id(cr, uid, 'email_template', 'email_template_preview_form')
@@ -796,7 +790,7 @@ class report_xml(osv.osv):
             context = {}
         object_id = context.get('object_id')
         if object_id:
-            model = self.pool.get('ir.model').browse(cr, uid, object_id).model
+            model = self.pool.get('ir.model').browse(cr, uid, object_id, context=context).model
             args.append(('model', '=', model))
         return super(report_xml, self).search(cr, uid, args, offset, limit, order, context, count)
 
diff --git a/addons/marketing_campaign/report/campaign_analysis.py b/addons/marketing_campaign/report/campaign_analysis.py
index 066423c546c..a4dbb1c4769 100644
--- a/addons/marketing_campaign/report/campaign_analysis.py
+++ b/addons/marketing_campaign/report/campaign_analysis.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class campaign_analysis(osv.osv):
     _description = "Campaign Analysis"
     _auto = False
     _rec_name = 'date'
-    def _total_cost(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context={}):
+    def _total_cost(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         """
             @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
             @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class campaign_analysis(osv.osv):
             @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
         result = {}
-        for ca_obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for ca_obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             wi_ids = self.pool.get('marketing.campaign.workitem').search(cr, uid,
                         [('segment_id.campaign_id', '=', ca_obj.campaign_id.id)])
             total_cost = ca_obj.activity_id.variable_cost + \
diff --git a/addons/membership/membership.py b/addons/membership/membership.py
index 86c35347691..7353ac33336 100644
--- a/addons/membership/membership.py
+++ b/addons/membership/membership.py
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ class Partner(osv.osv):
         'membership_cancel': False,
     }
 
-    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """Check  Recursive  for Associated Members.
         """
         level = 100
@@ -385,8 +385,6 @@ class Partner(osv.osv):
     def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
         if default is None:
             default = {}
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         default = default.copy()
         default['member_lines'] = []
         return super(Partner, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context=context)
@@ -401,8 +399,6 @@ class Partner(osv.osv):
         invoice_tax_obj = self.pool.get('account.invoice.tax')
         product_id = product_id or datas.get('membership_product_id', False)
         amount = datas.get('amount', 0.0)
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         invoice_list = []
         if type(ids) in (int, long,):
             ids = [ids]
@@ -460,6 +456,8 @@ class Product(osv.osv):
 
     def fields_view_get(self, cr, user, view_id=None, view_type='form', context=None, toolbar=False, submenu=False):
         model_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
 
         if ('product' in context) and (context['product']=='membership_product'):
             model_data_ids_form = model_obj.search(cr, user, [('model','=','ir.ui.view'), ('name', 'in', ['membership_products_form', 'membership_products_tree'])], context=context)
@@ -511,8 +509,6 @@ class account_invoice_line(osv.osv):
     def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None):
         """Overrides orm write method
         """
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         member_line_obj = self.pool.get('membership.membership_line')
         res = super(account_invoice_line, self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context=context)
         for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
@@ -541,8 +537,6 @@ class account_invoice_line(osv.osv):
     def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """Remove Membership Line Record for Account Invoice Line
         """
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         member_line_obj = self.pool.get('membership.membership_line')
         for id in ids:
             ml_ids = member_line_obj.search(cr, uid, [('account_invoice_line', '=', id)], context=context)
diff --git a/addons/membership/wizard/membership_invoice.py b/addons/membership/wizard/membership_invoice.py
index 670e3470eb2..b97926e564c 100644
--- a/addons/membership/wizard/membership_invoice.py
+++ b/addons/membership/wizard/membership_invoice.py
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class membership_invoice(osv.osv_memory):
         mod_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         partner_obj = self.pool.get('res.partner')
         datas = {}
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         data = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         if data:
diff --git a/addons/mrp/mrp.py b/addons/mrp/mrp.py
index a5d53fbf31d..135d5007f90 100644
--- a/addons/mrp/mrp.py
+++ b/addons/mrp/mrp.py
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class mrp_bom(osv.osv):
     _name = 'mrp.bom'
     _description = 'Bill of Material'
 
-    def _child_compute(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context={}):
+    def _child_compute(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         """ Gets child bom.
         @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: The current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -132,13 +132,15 @@ class mrp_bom(osv.osv):
         @return:  Dictionary of values
         """
         result = {}
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         bom_obj = self.pool.get('mrp.bom')
         bom_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
         cr.execute('select id from mrp_bom')
         if all(bom_id != r[0] for r in cr.fetchall()):
             ids.sort()
             bom_id = ids[0]
-        bom_parent = bom_obj.browse(cr, uid, bom_id)
+        bom_parent = bom_obj.browse(cr, uid, bom_id, context=context)
         for bom in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if (bom_parent) or (bom.id == bom_id):
                 result[bom.id] = map(lambda x: x.id, bom.bom_lines)
@@ -155,14 +157,14 @@ class mrp_bom(osv.osv):
 
         return result
 
-    def _compute_type(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context):
+    def _compute_type(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         """ Sets particular method for the selected bom type.
         @param field_name: Name of the field
         @param arg: User defined argument
         @return:  Dictionary of values
         """
         res = dict(map(lambda x: (x,''), ids))
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if line.type == 'phantom' and not line.bom_id:
                 res[line.id] = 'set'
                 continue
@@ -217,7 +219,7 @@ class mrp_bom(osv.osv):
             'You should install the mrp_subproduct module if you want to manage extra products on BoMs !'),
     ]
 
-    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         level = 100
         while len(ids):
             cr.execute('select distinct bom_id from mrp_bom where id IN %s',(tuple(ids),))
@@ -231,14 +233,14 @@ class mrp_bom(osv.osv):
     ]
 
 
-    def onchange_product_id(self, cr, uid, ids, product_id, name, context={}):
+    def onchange_product_id(self, cr, uid, ids, product_id, name, context=None):
         """ Changes UoM and name if product_id changes.
         @param name: Name of the field
         @param product_id: Changed product_id
         @return:  Dictionary of changed values
         """
         if product_id:
-            prod = self.pool.get('product.product').browse(cr, uid, [product_id])[0]
+            prod = self.pool.get('product.product').browse(cr, uid, product_id, context=context)
             v = {'product_uom': prod.uom_id.id}
             if not name:
                 v['name'] = prod.name
@@ -357,7 +359,7 @@ class mrp_production(osv.osv):
     _description = 'Manufacturing Order'
     _date_name  = 'date_planned'
 
-    def _production_calc(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context={}):
+    def _production_calc(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context=None):
         """ Calculates total hours and total no. of cycles for a production order.
         @param prop: Name of field.
         @param unknow_none:
@@ -374,7 +376,7 @@ class mrp_production(osv.osv):
                 result[prod.id]['cycle_total'] += wc.cycle
         return result
 
-    def _production_date_end(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context={}):
+    def _production_date_end(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context=None):
         """ Finds production end date.
         @param prop: Name of field.
         @param unknow_none:
@@ -385,7 +387,7 @@ class mrp_production(osv.osv):
             result[prod.id] = prod.date_planned
         return result
 
-    def _production_date(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context={}):
+    def _production_date(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context=None):
         """ Finds production planned date.
         @param prop: Name of field.
         @param unknow_none:
@@ -447,8 +449,8 @@ class mrp_production(osv.osv):
     }
     _order = 'priority desc, date_planned asc';
 
-    def _check_qty(self, cr, uid, ids):
-        orders = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+    def _check_qty(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        orders = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         for order in orders:
             if order.product_qty <= 0:
                 return False
@@ -482,7 +484,7 @@ class mrp_production(osv.osv):
         })
         return super(mrp_production, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context)
 
-    def location_id_change(self, cr, uid, ids, src, dest, context={}):
+    def location_id_change(self, cr, uid, ids, src, dest, context=None):
         """ Changes destination location if source location is changed.
         @param src: Source location id.
         @param dest: Destination location id.
@@ -639,10 +641,9 @@ class mrp_production(osv.osv):
         @param production_mode: specify production mode (consume/consume&produce).
         @return: True
         """
-
         stock_mov_obj = self.pool.get('stock.move')
-        production = self.browse(cr, uid, production_id)
-
+        production = self.browse(cr, uid, production_id, context=context)
+        
         final_product_todo = []
 
         produced_qty = 0
diff --git a/addons/mrp/procurement.py b/addons/mrp/procurement.py
index 67d0cd1c739..b19c2c0e15e 100644
--- a/addons/mrp/procurement.py
+++ b/addons/mrp/procurement.py
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
                     return phantom_bom_id 
         return False
     
-    def action_produce_assign_product(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def action_produce_assign_product(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ This is action which call from workflow to assign production order to procurements
         @return: True
         """
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
         res = res.values()
         return len(res) and res[0] or 0
     
-    def make_mo(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def make_mo(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Make Manufacturing(production) order from procurement
         @return: New created Production Orders procurement wise 
         """
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
         move_obj = self.pool.get('stock.move')
         wf_service = netsvc.LocalService("workflow")
         procurement_obj = self.pool.get('procurement.order')
-        for procurement in procurement_obj.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for procurement in procurement_obj.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res_id = procurement.move_id.id
             loc_id = procurement.location_id.id
             newdate = datetime.strptime(procurement.date_planned, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') - relativedelta(days=procurement.product_id.product_tmpl_id.produce_delay or 0.0)
diff --git a/addons/mrp/product.py b/addons/mrp/product.py
index a14634208ff..bb9bc27625f 100644
--- a/addons/mrp/product.py
+++ b/addons/mrp/product.py
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ from tools.translate import _
 class product_product(osv.osv):
     _inherit = "product.product"    
 
-    def get_product_accounts(self, cr, uid, product_id, context={}):
+    def get_product_accounts(self, cr, uid, product_id, context=None):
         """ To get the stock input account, stock output account and stock journal related to product.
         @param product_id: product id            
         @return: dictionary which contains information regarding stock input account, stock output account and stock journal
-        """           
+        """
         product_obj = self.pool.get('product.product').browse(cr, uid, product_id, False)
-        res = super(product_product,self).get_product_accounts(cr, uid, product_id, context)
+        res = super(product_product,self).get_product_accounts(cr, uid, product_id, context=context)
         stock_input_acc = product_obj.property_stock_account_input and product_obj.property_stock_account_input.id or False 
         if not stock_input_acc:
             stock_input_acc = product_obj.categ_id.property_stock_account_input_categ and product_obj.categ_id.property_stock_account_input_categ.id or False
@@ -54,12 +54,14 @@ class product_product(osv.osv):
         "bom_ids": fields.one2many('mrp.bom', 'product_id','Bill of Materials'),
     }
 
-    def do_change_standard_price(self, cr, uid, ids, datas, context={}):
+    def do_change_standard_price(self, cr, uid, ids, datas, context=None):
         """ Changes the Standard Price of Product and parent products and creates an account move accordingly.
         @param datas: dict. contain default datas like new_price, stock_output_account, stock_input_account, stock_journal
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return:
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         res = super(product_product, self).do_change_standard_price(cr, uid, ids, datas, context=context)
         bom_obj = self.pool.get('mrp.bom')
         change = context.get('change_parent_price', False)
@@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ class product_product(osv.osv):
 
         bom_ids = bom_obj.search(cr, uid, [('product_id', 'in', ids)])
 
-        for bom in bom_obj.browse(cr, uid, bom_ids):
+        for bom in bom_obj.browse(cr, uid, bom_ids, context=context):
             _compute_price(bom)
 
 product_product()
diff --git a/addons/mrp/report/price.py b/addons/mrp/report/price.py
index 9a7bb532acc..53063bd7ad6 100644
--- a/addons/mrp/report/price.py
+++ b/addons/mrp/report/price.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ from tools.translate import _
 
 #FIXME: we should use toxml
 class report_custom(report_rml):
-    def create_xml(self, cr, uid, ids, datas, context={}):
+    def create_xml(self, cr, uid, ids, datas, context=None):
         number = (datas.get('form', False) and datas['form']['number']) or 1
         pool = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname)
         product_pool = pool.get('product.product')
diff --git a/addons/mrp/report/workcenter_load.py b/addons/mrp/report/workcenter_load.py
index 9be42edd860..7c8c9d9e575 100644
--- a/addons/mrp/report/workcenter_load.py
+++ b/addons/mrp/report/workcenter_load.py
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class report_custom(report_int):
             return dates
         return {}
 
-    def create(self, cr, uid, ids, datas, context={}):
+    def create(self, cr, uid, ids, datas, context=None):
         assert len(ids), 'You should provide some ids!'
         colors = choice_colors(len(ids))
         cr.execute(
diff --git a/addons/mrp/stock.py b/addons/mrp/stock.py
index caed38654ac..3e50552cd9e 100644
--- a/addons/mrp/stock.py
+++ b/addons/mrp/stock.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class StockMove(osv.osv):
         'production_id': fields.many2one('mrp.production', 'Production', select=True),
     }
     
-    def _action_explode(self, cr, uid, move, context={}):
+    def _action_explode(self, cr, uid, move, context=None):
         """ Explodes pickings.
         @param move: Stock moves
         @return: True
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class StockMove(osv.osv):
                 ('type','=','phantom')])
             if bis:
                 factor = move.product_qty
-                bom_point = bom_obj.browse(cr, uid, bis[0])
+                bom_point = bom_obj.browse(cr, uid, bis[0], context=context)
                 res = bom_obj._bom_explode(cr, uid, bom_point, factor, [])
                 dest = move.product_id.product_tmpl_id.property_stock_production.id
                 state = 'confirmed'
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class StockMove(osv.osv):
         res = []
         production_obj = self.pool.get('mrp.production')
         wf_service = netsvc.LocalService("workflow")
-        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             new_moves = super(StockMove, self).action_scrap(cr, uid, [move.id], product_qty, location_id, context=context)
             self.write(cr, uid, [move.id], {'prodlot_id': False, 'tracking_id': False})
             production_ids = production_obj.search(cr, uid, [('move_lines', 'in', [move.id])])
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ class spilt_in_production_lot(osv.osv_memory):
         """  
         production_obj = self.pool.get('mrp.production')
         move_obj = self.pool.get('stock.move')  
-        res = []      
+        res = []
         for move in move_obj.browse(cr, uid, move_ids, context=context):
             new_moves = super(spilt_in_production_lot, self).split(cr, uid, ids, move_ids, context=context)
             production_ids = production_obj.search(cr, uid, [('move_lines', 'in', [move.id])])
diff --git a/addons/mrp/wizard/change_production_qty.py b/addons/mrp/wizard/change_production_qty.py
index 0cee5ea60a3..87b6d00190e 100644
--- a/addons/mrp/wizard/change_production_qty.py
+++ b/addons/mrp/wizard/change_production_qty.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class change_production_qty(osv.osv_memory):
         'product_qty': fields.float('Product Qty', required=True),
     }
 
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
         """ To get default values for the object.
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -39,14 +39,16 @@ class change_production_qty(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary 
         @return: A dictionary which of fields with values. 
         """        
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         res = super(change_production_qty, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)        
         prod_obj = self.pool.get('mrp.production')
-        prod = prod_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id'))
+        prod = prod_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id'), context=context)
         if 'product_qty' in fields:
             res.update({'product_qty': prod.product_qty})  
         return res
         
-    def change_prod_qty(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def change_prod_qty(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ 
         Changes the Quantity of Product.
         @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -60,8 +62,8 @@ class change_production_qty(osv.osv_memory):
         assert record_id, _('Active Id is not found')
         prod_obj = self.pool.get('mrp.production')
         bom_obj = self.pool.get('mrp.bom')
-        for wiz_qty in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
-            prod = prod_obj.browse(cr, uid,record_id)
+        for wiz_qty in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
+            prod = prod_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_id, context=context)
             prod_obj.write(cr, uid,prod.id, {'product_qty': wiz_qty.product_qty})
             prod_obj.action_compute(cr, uid, [prod.id])
         
diff --git a/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_change_standard_price.py b/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_change_standard_price.py
index 3fc63bcc421..4ee92aac16b 100644
--- a/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_change_standard_price.py
+++ b/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_change_standard_price.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class change_standard_price(osv.osv_memory):
     }
     
     
-    def change_price(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def change_price(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Changes the Standard Price of Parent Product according to BoM 
             only when the field 'change_parent_price' is True.
             And creates an account move accordingly.
@@ -42,7 +42,9 @@ class change_standard_price(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return:
         """
-        res = self.browse(cr, uid, ids) 
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
+        res = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context) 
         context.update({'change_parent_price': res[0].change_parent_price})
         return super(change_standard_price, self).change_price(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
     
diff --git a/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_price.py b/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_price.py
index b136326a2dc..8e26561adad 100644
--- a/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_price.py
+++ b/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_price.py
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ class mrp_price(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return : Report
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         datas = {'ids' : context.get('active_ids',[])}
         res = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['number'])
         res = res and res[0] or {}
diff --git a/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_product_produce.py b/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_product_produce.py
index 16729b7eccf..6052cdb56f7 100644
--- a/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_product_produce.py
+++ b/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_product_produce.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class mrp_product_produce(osv.osv_memory):
                                         "and it will finish the production order when total ordered quantities are produced."),
     }
 
-    def _get_product_qty(self, cr, uid, context):
+    def _get_product_qty(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         """ To obtain product quantity
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ class mrp_product_produce(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return: Quantity
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         prod = self.pool.get('mrp.production').browse(cr, uid,
                                 context['active_id'], context=context)
         done = 0.0
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ class mrp_product_produce(osv.osv_memory):
          'mode': lambda *x: 'consume_produce'
     }
 
-    def do_produce(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def do_produce(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ To check the product type
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -64,9 +66,11 @@ class mrp_product_produce(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return:
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         prod_obj = self.pool.get('mrp.production')
-        move_ids = context['active_ids']
-        for data in self.read(cr, uid, ids):
+        move_ids = context.get('active_ids', [])
+        for data in self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for move_id in move_ids:
                 prod_obj.action_produce(cr, uid, move_id,
                                     data['product_qty'], data['mode'], context=context)
diff --git a/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_track_prod.py b/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_track_prod.py
index 43929b47dc7..4b883abf98c 100644
--- a/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_track_prod.py
+++ b/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_track_prod.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class mrp_track_move(osv.osv_memory):
         if record_id:
             prod_obj = self.pool.get('mrp.production')
             try:
-                prod = prod_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_id)
+                prod = prod_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_id, context=context)
                 for m in [line for line in prod.move_created_ids]:
                     if 'track%s'%(m.id) not in self._columns:
                         self._columns['track%s'%(m.id)] = fields.boolean(string=m.product_id.name)
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ class mrp_track_move(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: New arch of view.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         res = super(mrp_track_move, self).fields_view_get(cr, uid, view_id=view_id, view_type=view_type, context=context, toolbar=toolbar,submenu=False)
         record_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
         active_model = context.get('active_model')
@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ class mrp_track_move(osv.osv_memory):
             return res
         
         prod_obj = self.pool.get('mrp.production')
-        prod = prod_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_id)
+        prod = prod_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_id, context=context)
         if prod.state != 'done':
             res['arch'] = '''<form string="Track lines">
                                 <label colspan="4" string="You can not split an unfinished production Output." />
@@ -87,7 +89,7 @@ class mrp_track_move(osv.osv_memory):
         
         return res
     
-    def track_lines(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def track_lines(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Tracks Finished products and splits products to finish lines.
          @param self: The object pointer.
          @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -96,17 +98,19 @@ class mrp_track_move(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: 
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         record_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
         assert record_id, 'Active ID not found'
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids[0])
         prod_obj = self.pool.get('mrp.production')
-        prod = prod_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_id)
+        prod = prod_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_id, context=context)
         if not prod.move_created_ids and prod.state != 'done':
             return {}
         prodlot_obj = self.pool.get('stock.production.lot')
         move_obj = self.pool.get('stock.move')
         move_ids = [m.id for m in [line for line in prod.move_created_ids]]
-        for idx, move in enumerate(move_obj.browse(cr, uid, move_ids)):
+        for idx, move in enumerate(move_obj.browse(cr, uid, move_ids, context=context)):
             if data['track%s' %move.id]:
                 for idx in range(int(move.product_qty)):
                     update_val = {'product_qty': 1}
diff --git a/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_workcenter_load.py b/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_workcenter_load.py
index 7f6dfd16b85..fc4c90f8c54 100644
--- a/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_workcenter_load.py
+++ b/addons/mrp/wizard/mrp_workcenter_load.py
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ class mrp_workcenter_load(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return : Report
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         datas = {'ids' : context.get('active_ids',[])}
         res = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['time_unit','measure_unit'])
         res = res and res[0] or {}
diff --git a/addons/mrp_operations/mrp_operations.py b/addons/mrp_operations/mrp_operations.py
index 206dfabbc74..df5456baa4a 100644
--- a/addons/mrp_operations/mrp_operations.py
+++ b/addons/mrp_operations/mrp_operations.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
         'move_dest_id_lines': fields.one2many('stock.move','move_dest_id', 'Children Moves')
     }
     
-    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context={}):
+    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
         if default is None:
             default = {}
         default.update({
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
 stock_move()
 
 class mrp_production_workcenter_line(osv.osv):
-    def _get_date_date(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context):
+    def _get_date_date(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         """ Finds starting date.
         @return: Dictionary of values.
         """
@@ -62,11 +62,10 @@ class mrp_production_workcenter_line(osv.osv):
                 res[op.id]=False
         return res
 
-    def _get_date_end(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context):
+    def _get_date_end(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         """ Finds ending date.
         @return: Dictionary of values.
         """
-
         ops = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         date_and_hours_by_cal = [(op.date_planned, op.hour, op.workcenter_id.calendar_id.id) for op in ops if op.date_planned]
 
@@ -143,7 +142,7 @@ class mrp_production_workcenter_line(osv.osv):
                 wf_service.trg_validate(uid, 'mrp.production', oper_obj.production_id.id, 'button_produce_done', cr)
         return
 
-    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context={}, update=True):
+    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None, update=True):
         result = super(mrp_production_workcenter_line, self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context=context)
         prod_obj = self.pool.get('mrp.production')
         if vals.get('date_planned', False) and update:
@@ -214,7 +213,7 @@ class mrp_production(osv.osv):
         'allow_reorder': fields.boolean('Free Serialisation', help="Check this to be able to move independently all production orders, without moving dependent ones."),
     }
 
-    def _production_date_end(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context={}):
+    def _production_date_end(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context=None):
         """ Calculates planned end date of production order.
         @return: Dictionary of values
         """
@@ -255,11 +254,13 @@ class mrp_production(osv.osv):
             wf_service.trg_validate(uid, 'mrp.production.workcenter.line', workcenter_line.id, 'button_cancel', cr)
         return super(mrp_production,self).action_cancel(cr,uid,ids)
 
-    def _compute_planned_workcenter(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}, mini=False):
+    def _compute_planned_workcenter(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None, mini=False):
         """ Computes planned and finished dates for work order.
         @return: Calculated date
         """
         dt_end = datetime.now()
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         for po in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             dt_end = datetime.strptime(po.date_planned, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
             if not po.date_start:
@@ -295,11 +296,11 @@ class mrp_production(osv.osv):
             })
         return dt_end
 
-    def _move_pass(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def _move_pass(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Calculates start date for stock moves finding interval from resource calendar.
         @return: True 
         """
-        for po in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for po in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if po.allow_reorder:
                 continue
             todo = po.move_lines
@@ -323,11 +324,11 @@ class mrp_production(osv.osv):
                             self.write(cr, uid, [l.production_id.id], {'date_start':dt.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}, mini=True)
         return True
 
-    def _move_futur(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def _move_futur(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Calculates start date for stock moves.
         @return: True 
         """
-        for po in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for po in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if po.allow_reorder:
                 continue
             for line in po.move_created_ids:
@@ -343,7 +344,7 @@ class mrp_production(osv.osv):
                         break
 
 
-    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context={}, update=True, mini=True):
+    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None, update=True, mini=True):
         direction = {}
         if vals.get('date_start', False):
             for po in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
@@ -392,7 +393,7 @@ class mrp_operations_operation(osv.osv):
         operation_ids = self.pool.get('mrp_operations.operation').search(cr, uid, [('production_id','=',ids[0])], context=context)
         return operation_ids
 
-    def _get_order_date(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context):
+    def _get_order_date(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         """ Calculates planned date for an operation.
         @return: Dictionary of values
         """
@@ -481,7 +482,7 @@ class mrp_operations_operation(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None):
-        oper_objs=self.browse(cr,uid,ids)[0]
+        oper_objs = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         vals['production_id']=oper_objs.production_id.id
         vals['workcenter_id']=oper_objs.workcenter_id.id
 
@@ -500,11 +501,11 @@ class mrp_operations_operation(osv.osv):
     def create(self, cr, uid, vals, context=None):
         wf_service = netsvc.LocalService('workflow')
         code_ids=self.pool.get('mrp_operations.operation.code').search(cr,uid,[('id','=',vals['code_id'])])
-        code=self.pool.get('mrp_operations.operation.code').browse(cr,uid,code_ids)[0]
+        code=self.pool.get('mrp_operations.operation.code').browse(cr, uid, code_ids, context=context)[0]
         wc_op_id=self.pool.get('mrp.production.workcenter.line').search(cr,uid,[('workcenter_id','=',vals['workcenter_id']),('production_id','=',vals['production_id'])])
         if code.start_stop in ('start','done','pause','cancel','resume'):
             if not wc_op_id:
-                production_obj=self.pool.get('mrp.production').browse(cr,uid,vals['production_id'])
+                production_obj=self.pool.get('mrp.production').browse(cr, uid, vals['production_id'], context=context)
                 wc_op_id.append(self.pool.get('mrp.production.workcenter.line').create(cr,uid,{'production_id':vals['production_id'],'name':production_obj.product_id.name,'workcenter_id':vals['workcenter_id']}))
             if code.start_stop=='start':
                 self.pool.get('mrp.production.workcenter.line').action_start_working(cr,uid,wc_op_id)
diff --git a/addons/mrp_repair/mrp_repair.py b/addons/mrp_repair/mrp_repair.py
index 53b10b6eab2..f2ffd87c095 100644
--- a/addons/mrp_repair/mrp_repair.py
+++ b/addons/mrp_repair/mrp_repair.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class mrp_repair(osv.osv):
     _name = 'mrp.repair'
     _description = 'Repair Order'
 
-    def _amount_untaxed(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context):
+    def _amount_untaxed(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         """ Calculates untaxed amount.
         @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: The current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class mrp_repair(osv.osv):
         res = {}
         cur_obj = self.pool.get('res.currency')
 
-        for repair in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for repair in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[repair.id] = 0.0
             for line in repair.operations:
                 res[repair.id] += line.price_subtotal
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class mrp_repair(osv.osv):
             res[repair.id] = cur_obj.round(cr, uid, cur, res[repair.id])
         return res
 
-    def _amount_tax(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context):
+    def _amount_tax(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         """ Calculates taxed amount.
         @param field_name: Name of field.
         @param arg: Argument
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class mrp_repair(osv.osv):
         #return {}.fromkeys(ids, 0)
         cur_obj = self.pool.get('res.currency')
         tax_obj = self.pool.get('account.tax')
-        for repair in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for repair in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             val = 0.0
             cur = repair.pricelist_id.currency_id
             for line in repair.operations:
@@ -78,26 +78,26 @@ class mrp_repair(osv.osv):
             res[repair.id] = cur_obj.round(cr, uid, cur, val)
         return res
 
-    def _amount_total(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context):
+    def _amount_total(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         """ Calculates total amount.
         @param field_name: Name of field.
         @param arg: Argument
         @return: Dictionary of values.
         """
         res = {}
-        untax = self._amount_untaxed(cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context)
-        tax = self._amount_tax(cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context)
+        untax = self._amount_untaxed(cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=context)
+        tax = self._amount_tax(cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=context)
         cur_obj = self.pool.get('res.currency')
         for id in ids:
-            repair = self.browse(cr, uid, [id])[0]
+            repair = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context=context)
             cur = repair.pricelist_id.currency_id
             res[id] = cur_obj.round(cr, uid, cur, untax.get(id, 0.0) + tax.get(id, 0.0))
         return res
     
-    def _get_default_address(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context):
+    def _get_default_address(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
         partner_obj = self.pool.get('res.partner')
-        for data in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for data in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             adr_id = False
             if data.partner_id:
                 adr_id = partner_obj.address_get(cr, uid, [data.partner_id.id], ['default'])['default']
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ class mrp_repair(osv.osv):
         @return: True
         """
         mrp_line_obj = self.pool.get('mrp.repair.line')
-        for repair in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for repair in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             mrp_line_obj.write(cr, uid, [l.id for l in repair.operations], {'state': 'cancel'})
         self.write(cr,uid,ids,{'state':'cancel'})
         return True
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ class mrp_repair(osv.osv):
         """ Writes repair order state to 'Ready' if invoice method is Before repair.
         @return: True
         """
-        for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             val = {}
             if (order.invoice_method == 'b4repair'):
                 val['state'] = 'ready'
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ class mrp_repair(osv.osv):
         After repair else state is set to 'Ready'.
         @return: True
         """
-        for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             val = {}
             val['repaired'] = True
             if (not order.invoiced and order.invoice_method=='after_repair'):
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ class mrp_repair_line(osv.osv, ProductChangeMixin):
         default.update( {'invoice_line_id': False, 'move_id': False, 'invoiced': False, 'state': 'draft'})
         return super(mrp_repair_line, self).copy_data(cr, uid, id, default, context)
 
-    def _amount_line(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context):
+    def _amount_line(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         """ Calculates amount.
         @param field_name: Name of field.
         @param arg: Argument
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ class mrp_repair_line(osv.osv, ProductChangeMixin):
         """
         res = {}
         cur_obj=self.pool.get('res.currency')
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[line.id] = line.to_invoice and line.price_unit * line.product_uom_qty or 0
             cur = line.repair_id.pricelist_id.currency_id
             res[line.id] = cur_obj.round(cr, uid, cur, res[line.id])
@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ class mrp_repair_fee(osv.osv, ProductChangeMixin):
         default.update({'invoice_line_id': False, 'invoiced': False})
         return super(mrp_repair_fee, self).copy_data(cr, uid, id, default, context)
 
-    def _amount_line(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context):
+    def _amount_line(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         """ Calculates amount.
         @param field_name: Name of field.
         @param arg: Argument
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ class mrp_repair_fee(osv.osv, ProductChangeMixin):
         """
         res = {}
         cur_obj = self.pool.get('res.currency')
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[line.id] = line.to_invoice and line.price_unit * line.product_uom_qty or 0
             cur = line.repair_id.pricelist_id.currency_id
             res[line.id] = cur_obj.round(cr, uid, cur, res[line.id])
diff --git a/addons/mrp_repair/wizard/cancel_repair.py b/addons/mrp_repair/wizard/cancel_repair.py
index 658adef8e9e..e7ef69c2dcc 100644
--- a/addons/mrp_repair/wizard/cancel_repair.py
+++ b/addons/mrp_repair/wizard/cancel_repair.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class repair_cancel(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = 'mrp.repair.cancel'
     _description = 'Cancel Repair'
 
-    def cancel_repair(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def cancel_repair(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Cancels the repair
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -35,11 +35,13 @@ class repair_cancel(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary 
         @return:  
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         record_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
         assert record_id, _('Active ID is not Found')
         repair_order_obj = self.pool.get('mrp.repair')
         repair_line_obj = self.pool.get('mrp.repair.line')
-        repair_order = repair_order_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_id)
+        repair_order = repair_order_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_id, context=context)
         
         if repair_order.invoiced or repair_order.invoice_method == 'none':
             repair_order_obj.action_cancel(cr, uid, [record_id], context=context)            
@@ -56,6 +58,8 @@ class repair_cancel(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary 
         @return: New arch of view.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         res = super(repair_cancel, self).fields_view_get(cr, uid, view_id=view_id, view_type=view_type, context=context, toolbar=toolbar,submenu=False)
         record_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False        
         active_model = context.get('active_model')
@@ -63,7 +67,7 @@ class repair_cancel(osv.osv_memory):
         if not record_id or (active_model and active_model != 'mrp.repair'):
             return res
         
-        repair_order = self.pool.get('mrp.repair').browse(cr, uid, record_id)
+        repair_order = self.pool.get('mrp.repair').browse(cr, uid, record_id, context=context)
         if not repair_order.invoiced:
             res['arch'] = """ <form string="Cancel Repair" colspan="4">
                             <group col="2" colspan="2">
diff --git a/addons/mrp_repair/wizard/make_invoice.py b/addons/mrp_repair/wizard/make_invoice.py
index 971c7f97319..2cb6409348e 100644
--- a/addons/mrp_repair/wizard/make_invoice.py
+++ b/addons/mrp_repair/wizard/make_invoice.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class make_invoice(osv.osv_memory):
 	   'group': fields.boolean('Group by partner invoice address'),
     }
 
-    def make_invoices(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def make_invoices(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Generates invoice(s) of selected records.
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -39,7 +39,9 @@ class make_invoice(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return: Loads the view of new invoice(s).
         """
-        inv = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0])
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
+        inv = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
         order_obj = self.pool.get('mrp.repair')
         newinv = order_obj.action_invoice_create(cr, uid, context['active_ids'],
                                                  group=inv.group,context=context)
diff --git a/addons/mrp_subproduct/mrp_subproduct.py b/addons/mrp_subproduct/mrp_subproduct.py
index e271e2bfb26..3229cdce33c 100644
--- a/addons/mrp_subproduct/mrp_subproduct.py
+++ b/addons/mrp_subproduct/mrp_subproduct.py
@@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ class mrp_subproduct(osv.osv):
         'subproduct_type': lambda *args: 'fixed'
     }
     
-    def onchange_product_id(self, cr, uid, ids, product_id,context={}):
+    def onchange_product_id(self, cr, uid, ids, product_id, context=None):
         """ Changes UoM if product_id changes.
         @param product_id: Changed product_id
         @return: Dictionary of changed values
         """
         if product_id:
-            prod = self.pool.get('product.product').browse(cr, uid, product_id)
+            prod = self.pool.get('product.product').browse(cr, uid, product_id, context=context)
             v = {'product_uom': prod.uom_id.id}
             return {'value': v}
         return {}
diff --git a/addons/outlook/installer.py b/addons/outlook/installer.py
index 40f15e06c53..f3f5ece60d6 100755
--- a/addons/outlook/installer.py
+++ b/addons/outlook/installer.py
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ class outlook_installer(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = 'outlook.installer'
     _inherit = 'res.config.installer'
 
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context={}):
-        data = super(outlook_installer, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context)
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
+        data = super(outlook_installer, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         data['doc_file'] = 'http://doc.openerp.com/book/2/2_6_Comms/2_6_Comms_outlook.html'
         file = open(addons.get_module_resource('outlook','plugin','openerp-outlook-addin.exe'), 'r')
         data['plugin_file'] = base64.encodestring(file.read())
diff --git a/addons/point_of_sale/account_bank_statement.py b/addons/point_of_sale/account_bank_statement.py
index 552687f7bdb..706cd50a84b 100644
--- a/addons/point_of_sale/account_bank_statement.py
+++ b/addons/point_of_sale/account_bank_statement.py
@@ -41,8 +41,6 @@ class account_cash_statement(osv.osv):
     _inherit = 'account.bank.statement'
 
     def _equal_balance(self, cr, uid, cash_id, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         statement = self.browse(cr, uid, cash_id, context=context)
         if not statement.journal_id.check_dtls:
             return True
@@ -60,8 +58,6 @@ class account_cash_statement(osv.osv):
         return False
 
     def _get_cash_open_box_lines(self, cr, uid, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = super(account_cash_statement,self)._get_cash_open_box_lines(cr, uid, context)
         curr = [0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.50]
         for rs in curr:
@@ -74,8 +70,6 @@ class account_cash_statement(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def _get_default_cash_close_box_lines(self, cr, uid, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = super(account_cash_statement,self)._get_default_cash_close_box_lines(cr, uid, context=context)
         curr = [0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.50]
         for rs in curr:
diff --git a/addons/point_of_sale/point_of_sale.py b/addons/point_of_sale/point_of_sale.py
index b4b2ff9cb9f..fa2de26f4e8 100644
--- a/addons/point_of_sale/point_of_sale.py
+++ b/addons/point_of_sale/point_of_sale.py
@@ -96,14 +96,14 @@ class pos_order(osv.osv):
                 res[rec.id] = res[rec.id] + rec.amount_tax
         return res
 
-    def _get_date_payment2(self, cr, uid, ids, context, *a):
+    def _get_date_payment2(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None, *a):
         # Todo need to check this function
         """ Find payment Date
         @param field_names: Names of fields.
         @return: Dictionary of values """
         res = {}
         val = None
-        for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             cr.execute("SELECT date_payment FROM pos_order WHERE id = %s", (order.id,))
             date_p = cr.fetchone()
             date_p = date_p and date_p[0] or None
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ class pos_order(osv.osv):
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context=context)
 
     def action_paid(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         if context.get('flag', False):
             self.create_picking(cr, uid, ids, context=None)
@@ -973,12 +973,12 @@ class pos_order_line(osv.osv):
                 res[line.id] = line.price_unit * line.qty
         return res
 
-    def _amount_line_all(self, cr, uid, ids, field_names, arg, context):
+    def _amount_line_all(self, cr, uid, ids, field_names, arg, context=None):
         res = dict([(i, {}) for i in ids])
         account_tax_obj = self.pool.get('account.tax')
 
         self.price_by_product_multi(cr, uid, ids)
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for f in field_names:
                 if f == 'price_subtotal':
                     if line.discount != 0.0:
diff --git a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/all_closed_cashbox_of_the_day.py b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/all_closed_cashbox_of_the_day.py
index c7f2240d81f..330668548e4 100644
--- a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/all_closed_cashbox_of_the_day.py
+++ b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/all_closed_cashbox_of_the_day.py
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ class all_closed_cashbox_of_the_day(osv.osv_memory):
              @param context: A standard dictionary
              @return : retrun report
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         datas = {'ids': context.get('active_ids', [])}
         return {
             'type': 'ir.actions.report.xml',
diff --git a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_discount.py b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_discount.py
index 03717f7701c..928fe396f0b 100644
--- a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_discount.py
+++ b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_discount.py
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ class pos_discount(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary
          @return: New arch of view with new columns.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         super(pos_discount, self).view_init(cr, uid, fields_list, context=context)
         record_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
         order = self.pool.get('pos.order').browse(cr, uid, record_id, context=context)
diff --git a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_open_statement.py b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_open_statement.py
index 2040c390efe..241f0a6e1d0 100644
--- a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_open_statement.py
+++ b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_open_statement.py
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ class pos_open_statement(osv.osv_memory):
         statement_obj = self.pool.get('account.bank.statement')
         sequence_obj = self.pool.get('ir.sequence')
         journal_obj = self.pool.get('account.journal')
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         company_id = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id.id
         cr.execute("SELECT DISTINCT journal_id FROM pos_journal_users "
                     "WHERE user_id = %s ORDER BY journal_id"% (uid, ))
diff --git a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_payment.py b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_payment.py
index c7ae5d6eb27..fe3dd14db73 100644
--- a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_payment.py
+++ b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_payment.py
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ class pos_make_payment(osv.osv_memory):
         return res
 
     def view_init(self, cr, uid, fields_list, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         super(pos_make_payment, self).view_init(cr, uid, fields_list, context=context)
         active_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
         if active_id:
@@ -140,13 +142,15 @@ class pos_make_payment(osv.osv_memory):
         if the order is paid print invoice (if wanted) or ticket.
         """
         order_obj = self.pool.get('pos.order')
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         active_id = context and context.get('active_id', False)
         order = order_obj.browse(cr, uid, active_id, context=context)
         amount = order.amount_total - order.amount_paid
         data =  self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         # Todo need to check ...
         if data['is_acc']:
-            line_id, price = order_obj.add_product(cr, uid, order.id, data['product_id'], -1.0, context)
+            line_id, price = order_obj.add_product(cr, uid, order.id, data['product_id'], -1.0, context=context)
             amount = order.amount_total - order.amount_paid - price
 
         if amount != 0.0:
@@ -155,28 +159,28 @@ class pos_make_payment(osv.osv_memory):
 
         if order_obj.test_paid(cr, uid, [active_id]):
             if data['partner_id'] and data['invoice_wanted']:
-                order_obj.action_invoice(cr, uid, [active_id], context)
-                order_obj.create_picking(cr, uid, [active_id], context)
+                order_obj.action_invoice(cr, uid, [active_id], context=context)
+                order_obj.create_picking(cr, uid, [active_id], context=context)
                 if context.get('return', False):
                     order_obj.write(cr, uid, [active_id], {'state':'done'}, context=context)
                 else:
                     order_obj.write(cr, uid, [active_id],{'state':'paid'}, context=context)
-                return self.create_invoice(cr, uid, ids, context)
+                return self.create_invoice(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
             else:
                 context.update({'flag': True})
-                order_obj.action_paid(cr, uid, [active_id], context)
+                order_obj.action_paid(cr, uid, [active_id], context=context)
                 if context.get('return', False):
                     order_obj.write(cr, uid, [active_id], {'state':'done'}, context=context)
                 else:
                     order_obj.write(cr, uid, [active_id], {'state':'paid'}, context=context)
-                return self.print_report(cr, uid, ids, context)
+                return self.print_report(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
 
         if order.amount_paid > 0.0:
             context.update({'flag': True})
             # Todo need to check
-            order_obj.action_paid(cr, uid, [active_id], context)
+            order_obj.action_paid(cr, uid, [active_id], context=context)
             order_obj.write(cr, uid, [active_id], {'state': 'advance'}, context=context)
-            return self.print_report(cr, uid, ids, context)
+            return self.print_report(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         return {}
 
 
@@ -184,6 +188,8 @@ class pos_make_payment(osv.osv_memory):
         """
           Create  a invoice
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         active_ids = [context and context.get('active_id', False)]
         datas = {'ids': active_ids}
         return {
@@ -201,7 +207,7 @@ class pos_make_payment(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary
          @return : retrun report
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         active_id = context.get('active_id', [])
         datas = {'ids' : [active_id]}
diff --git a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_receipt.py b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_receipt.py
index 39e38bdfa3c..71efee85b7c 100644
--- a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_receipt.py
+++ b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_receipt.py
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ class pos_receipt(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return : retrun report
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         datas = {'ids': context.get('active_ids', [])}
         return {
             'type': 'ir.actions.report.xml',
diff --git a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_return.py b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_return.py
index c0e37d84ef3..810ef86ec7b 100644
--- a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_return.py
+++ b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_return.py
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@ class pos_return(osv.osv_memory):
 
         res = super(pos_return, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         order_obj = self.pool.get('pos.order')
-        active_ids = context.get('active_ids')
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
-        for order in order_obj.browse(cr, uid, active_ids):
+        active_ids = context.get('active_ids')
+        for order in order_obj.browse(cr, uid, active_ids, context=context):
             for line in order.lines:
                 if 'return%s'%(line.id) in fields:
                     res['return%s'%(line.id)] = line.qty
@@ -64,11 +64,11 @@ class pos_return(osv.osv_memory):
         """
         res = super(pos_return, self).view_init(cr, uid, fields_list, context=context)
         order_obj=self.pool.get('pos.order')
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
 
         active_ids=context.get('active_ids')
-        for order in order_obj.browse(cr, uid, active_ids):
+        for order in order_obj.browse(cr, uid, active_ids, context=context):
             for line in order.lines:
                 if 'return%s'%(line.id) not in self._columns:
                     self._columns['return%s'%(line.id)] = fields.float("Quantity")
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class pos_return(osv.osv_memory):
 
         """
         result = super(pos_return, self).fields_view_get(cr, uid, view_id, view_type, context, toolbar,submenu)
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
         active_model = context.get('active_model')
         if not active_model and active_model != 'pos.order':
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class pos_return(osv.osv_memory):
                             <form string="Return lines">
                             <label string="Quantities you enter, match to products that will return to the stock." colspan="4"/>"""
             _line_fields = result['fields']
-            order=order_obj.browse(cr, uid, active_id)
+            order=order_obj.browse(cr, uid, active_id, context=context)
             for line in order.lines:
                 quantity=line.qty
                 _line_fields.update({
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class pos_return(osv.osv_memory):
         return result
 
 
-    def  create_returns(self, cr, uid, data, context):
+    def  create_returns(self, cr, uid, data, context=None):
         """
              @param self: The object pointer.
              @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -143,10 +143,12 @@ class pos_return(osv.osv_memory):
              @return: Return the add product form again for adding more product
 
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         current_rec = self.read(cr, uid, data[0], context=context)
         order_obj =self.pool.get('pos.order')
         line_obj = self.pool.get('pos.order.line')
-        pos_current = order_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id'))
+        pos_current = order_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id'), context=context)
         pos_line_ids = pos_current.lines
         if pos_line_ids:
             for pos_line in pos_line_ids:
@@ -171,7 +173,9 @@ class pos_return(osv.osv_memory):
             'context': context,
             'type': 'ir.actions.act_window',
         }
-    def create_returns2(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def create_returns2(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         active_id = context.get('active_id', False)
         order_obj =self.pool.get('pos.order')
         line_obj = self.pool.get('pos.order.line')
@@ -188,7 +192,7 @@ class pos_return(osv.osv_memory):
 
             for order_id in order_obj.browse(cr, uid, [active_id], context=context):
                 prop_ids = property_obj.search(cr, uid,[('name', '=', 'property_stock_customer')])
-                val = property_obj.browse(cr, uid, prop_ids[0]).value_reference
+                val = property_obj.browse(cr, uid, prop_ids[0], context=context).value_reference
                 cr.execute("SELECT s.id FROM stock_location s, stock_warehouse w "
                             "WHERE w.lot_stock_id=s.id AND w.id=%s ", 
                             (order_id.shop_id.warehouse_id.id,))
@@ -257,7 +261,7 @@ pos_return()
 
 class add_product(osv.osv_memory):
     _inherit = 'pos.add.product'
-    def select_product(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def select_product(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
              To get the product and quantity and add in order .
              @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -266,6 +270,8 @@ class add_product(osv.osv_memory):
              @param context: A standard dictionary
              @return : Retrun the add product form again for adding more product
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
 
         active_id=context.get('active_id', False)
         data =  self.read(cr, uid, ids)
@@ -293,7 +299,7 @@ class add_product(osv.osv_memory):
                 location_id=res and res[0] or None
                 stock_dest_id = val.id
 
-                prod_id=prod_obj.browse(cr, uid, prod)
+                prod_id=prod_obj.browse(cr, uid, prod, context=context)
                 new_picking=picking_obj.create(cr, uid, {
                                 'name':'%s (Added)' %order_id.name,
                                 'move_lines':[],
@@ -329,7 +335,8 @@ class add_product(osv.osv_memory):
             'type': 'ir.actions.act_window',
         }
 
-    def close_action(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def close_action(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        if context is None: context = {}
         active_ids=context.get('active_ids', False)
         order_obj = self.pool.get('pos.order')
         lines_obj = self.pool.get('pos.order.line')
diff --git a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_sales_user.py b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_sales_user.py
index 7698bb9798f..e17aff8bdca 100644
--- a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_sales_user.py
+++ b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_sales_user.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class pos_sale_user(osv.osv_memory):
         'user_id': fields.many2many('res.users', 'sale_user_rel', 'user_id', 'uid', 'Salesman'),
     }
 
-    def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
          To get the date and print the report
          @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -42,9 +42,11 @@ class pos_sale_user(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary
          @return : return report
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
 
         datas = {'ids': context.get('active_ids', [])}
-        res = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['date_start', 'date_end', 'user_id'], context)
+        res = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['date_start', 'date_end', 'user_id'], context=context)
         res = res and res[0] or {}
         datas['form'] = res
         return {
diff --git a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_sales_user_current_user.py b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_sales_user_current_user.py
index ac603ad36d1..100154ac734 100644
--- a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_sales_user_current_user.py
+++ b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_sales_user_current_user.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class pos_sales_user_today_current_user(osv.osv_memory):
     _columns = {
     }
 
-    def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
          To get the date and print the report
          @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -39,9 +39,11 @@ class pos_sales_user_today_current_user(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary
          @return : retrun report
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
 
         datas = {'ids': context.get('active_ids', [])}
-        res = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context)
+        res = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)
         res = res and res[0] or {}
         datas['form'] = res
 
diff --git a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_sales_user_today.py b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_sales_user_today.py
index 7025275c3cd..33c9dc8f3fc 100644
--- a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_sales_user_today.py
+++ b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_sales_user_today.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class pos_sales_user_today(osv.osv_memory):
        'user_id': fields.many2many('res.users', 'sale_user_rel_today', 'user_id', 'uid', 'Salesman'),
     }
 
-    def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def print_report(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
          To get the date and print the report
          @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -40,9 +40,11 @@ class pos_sales_user_today(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary
          @return : retrun report
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
 
         datas = {'ids': context.get('active_ids', [])}
-        res = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['user_id'], context)
+        res = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['user_id'], context=context)
         res = res and res[0] or {}
         datas['form'] = res
 
diff --git a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_scan_product.py b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_scan_product.py
index debfe3b7737..49cd32eba4d 100644
--- a/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_scan_product.py
+++ b/addons/point_of_sale/wizard/pos_scan_product.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class pos_scan_product(osv.osv_memory):
     _columns = {
         'gencod': fields.char('Barcode',size=13,required= True)
     }
-    def scan(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def scan(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ 
          To get the gencod and scan product         
          @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ class pos_scan_product(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return : retrun gencod
         """
-                
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         data=self.read(cr, uid, ids)[0]
         record_id = context and context.get('active_id',False)
         result =self. pool.get('pos.order.line')._scan_product(cr, uid, data['gencod'], 1, record_id)
diff --git a/addons/process/process.py b/addons/process/process.py
index 3fd368c0117..72c8bce10b4 100644
--- a/addons/process/process.py
+++ b/addons/process/process.py
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class process_process(osv.osv):
         'active' : lambda *a: True,
     }
 
-    def search_by_model(self, cr, uid, res_model, context):
+    def search_by_model(self, cr, uid, res_model, context=None):
         pool = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname)
         model_ids = (res_model or None) and pool.get('ir.model').search(cr, uid, [('model', '=', res_model)])
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class process_process(osv.osv):
         # search all processes
         res = pool.get('process.process').search(cr, uid, domain)
         if res:
-            res = pool.get('process.process').browse(cr, uid, res, context)
+            res = pool.get('process.process').browse(cr, uid, res, context=context)
             for process in res:
                 result.append((process.id, process.name))
             return result
@@ -70,18 +70,18 @@ class process_process(osv.osv):
         # else search process nodes
         res = pool.get('process.node').search(cr, uid, domain)
         if res:
-            res = pool.get('process.node').browse(cr, uid, res, context)
+            res = pool.get('process.node').browse(cr, uid, res, context=context)
             for node in res:
                 if (node.process_id.id, node.process_id.name) not in result:
                     result.append((node.process_id.id, node.process_id.name))
 
         return result
 
-    def graph_get(self, cr, uid, id, res_model, res_id, scale, context):
+    def graph_get(self, cr, uid, id, res_model, res_id, scale, context=None):
 
         pool = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname)
 
-        process = pool.get('process.process').browse(cr, uid, [id], context)[0]
+        process = pool.get('process.process').browse(cr, uid, id, context=context)
 
         name = process.name
         resource = None
@@ -95,13 +95,13 @@ class process_process(osv.osv):
             states = dict(pool.get(res_model).fields_get(cr, uid, context=context).get('state', {}).get('selection', {}))
 
         if res_id:
-            current_object = pool.get(res_model).browse(cr, uid, [res_id], context)[0]
-            current_user = pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, [uid], context)[0]
+            current_object = pool.get(res_model).browse(cr, uid, res_id, context=context)
+            current_user = pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context)
             expr_context = Env(current_object, current_user)
             resource = current_object.name
             if 'state' in current_object:
                 state = states.get(current_object.state, 'N/A')
-            perm = pool.get(res_model).perm_read(cr, uid, [res_id], context)[0]
+            perm = pool.get(res_model).perm_read(cr, uid, [res_id], context=context)[0]
 
         notes = process.note or "N/A"
         nodes = {}
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class process_process(osv.osv):
 
             nodes[nid]['res'] = resource = {'id': ref_id, 'model': ref_model}
 
-            refobj = pool.get(ref_model).browse(cr, uid, [ref_id], context)[0]
+            refobj = pool.get(ref_model).browse(cr, uid, ref_id, context=context)
             fields = pool.get(ref_model).fields_get(cr, uid, context=context)
 
             # check for directory_id from inherited from document module
@@ -245,15 +245,15 @@ class process_process(osv.osv):
 
         return dict(name=name, resource=resource, state=state, perm=perm, notes=notes, nodes=nodes, transitions=transitions)
 
-    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context={}):
+    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
         """ Deep copy the entire process.
         """
 
         if not default:
             default = {}
-
+        
         pool = pooler.get_pool(cr.dbname)
-        process = pool.get('process.process').browse(cr, uid, [id], context)[0]
+        process = pool.get('process.process').browse(cr, uid, id, context=context)
 
         nodes = {}
         transitions = {}
@@ -309,14 +309,14 @@ class process_node(osv.osv):
         'flow_start': lambda *args: False,
     }
 
-    def copy_data(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context={}):
+    def copy_data(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
         if not default:
             default = {}
         default.update({
             'transition_in': [],
             'transition_out': []
         })
-        return super(process_node, self).copy_data(cr, uid, id, default, context)
+        return super(process_node, self).copy_data(cr, uid, id, default, context=context)
 
 process_node()
 
@@ -366,11 +366,11 @@ class process_transition_action(osv.osv):
         'state': lambda *args: 'dummy',
     }
 
-    def copy_data(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context={}):
+    def copy_data(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
         if not default:
             default = {}
-
-        state = self.pool.get('process.transition.action').browse(cr, uid, [id], context)[0].state
+            
+        state = self.pool.get('process.transition.action').browse(cr, uid, id, context=context).state
         if state:
             default['state'] = state
 
diff --git a/addons/procurement/procurement.py b/addons/procurement/procurement.py
index 43eb6756fb1..ca590d8fa4e 100644
--- a/addons/procurement/procurement.py
+++ b/addons/procurement/procurement.py
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class StockMove(osv.osv):
     def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
         default = default or {}
         default['procurements'] = []
-        return super(StockMove, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context)
+        return super(StockMove, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context=context)
 
 StockMove()
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        procurements = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['state'])
+        procurements = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['state'], context=context)
         unlink_ids = []
         for s in procurements:
             if s['state'] in ['draft','cancel']:
@@ -139,13 +139,13 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
                         s['state'])
         return osv.osv.unlink(self, cr, uid, unlink_ids, context=context)
 
-    def onchange_product_id(self, cr, uid, ids, product_id, context={}):
+    def onchange_product_id(self, cr, uid, ids, product_id, context=None):
         """ Finds UoM and UoS of changed product.
         @param product_id: Changed id of product.
         @return: Dictionary of values.
         """
         if product_id:
-            w = self.pool.get('product.product').browse(cr, uid, product_id, context)
+            w = self.pool.get('product.product').browse(cr, uid, product_id, context=context)
             v = {
                 'product_uom': w.uom_id.id,
                 'product_uos': w.uos_id and w.uos_id.id or w.uom_id.id
@@ -159,11 +159,11 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
         """
         return all(procurement.product_id.type in ('product', 'consu') for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids))
 
-    def check_move_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def check_move_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Checks if move is cancelled or not.
         @return: True or False.
         """
-        return all(procurement.move_id.state == 'cancel' for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids))
+        return all(procurement.move_id.state == 'cancel' for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context))
 
     def check_move_done(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Checks if move is done or not.
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
     # This method may be overrided by objects that override procurement.order
     # for computing their own purpose
     #
-    def _quantity_compute_get(self, cr, uid, proc, context={}):
+    def _quantity_compute_get(self, cr, uid, proc, context=None):
         """ Finds sold quantity of product.
         @param proc: Current procurement.
         @return: Quantity or False.
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
                 return proc.move_id.product_uos_qty
         return False
 
-    def _uom_compute_get(self, cr, uid, proc, context={}):
+    def _uom_compute_get(self, cr, uid, proc, context=None):
         """ Finds UoS if product is Stockable Product.
         @param proc: Current procurement.
         @return: UoS or False.
@@ -200,12 +200,12 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
     # Return the quantity of product shipped/produced/served, which may be
     # different from the planned quantity
     #
-    def quantity_get(self, cr, uid, id, context={}):
+    def quantity_get(self, cr, uid, id, context=None):
         """ Finds quantity of product used in procurement.
         @return: Quantity of product.
         """
-        proc = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context)
-        result = self._quantity_compute_get(cr, uid, proc, context)
+        proc = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context=context)
+        result = self._quantity_compute_get(cr, uid, proc, context=context)
         if not result:
             result = proc.product_qty
         return result
@@ -214,13 +214,13 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
         """ Finds UoM of product used in procurement.
         @return: UoM of product.
         """
-        proc = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context)
-        result = self._uom_compute_get(cr, uid, proc, context)
+        proc = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context=context)
+        result = self._uom_compute_get(cr, uid, proc, context=context)
         if not result:
             result = proc.product_uom.id
         return result
 
-    def check_waiting(self, cr, uid, ids, context=[]):
+    def check_waiting(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Checks state of move.
         @return: True or False
         """
@@ -229,17 +229,17 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
                 return True
         return False
 
-    def check_produce_service(self, cr, uid, procurement, context=[]):
+    def check_produce_service(self, cr, uid, procurement, context=None):
         return False
 
-    def check_produce_product(self, cr, uid, procurement, context=[]):
+    def check_produce_product(self, cr, uid, procurement, context=None):
         """ Finds BoM of a product if not found writes exception message.
         @param procurement: Current procurement.
         @return: True or False.
         """
         return True
 
-    def check_make_to_stock(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def check_make_to_stock(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Checks product type.
         @return: True or False
         """
@@ -251,13 +251,13 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
                 ok = ok and self._check_make_to_stock_product(cr, uid, procurement, context)
         return ok
 
-    def check_produce(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def check_produce(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Checks product type.
         @return: True or Product Id.
         """
         res = True
-        user = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid)
-        for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        user = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context)
+        for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if procurement.product_id.product_tmpl_id.supply_method <> 'produce':
                 partner_list = sorted([(partner_id.sequence, partner_id) for partner_id in  procurement.product_id.seller_ids if partner_id])
                 if partner_list:
@@ -308,12 +308,12 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
                 return True
         return False
 
-    def action_confirm(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def action_confirm(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Confirms procurement and writes exception message if any.
         @return: True
         """
         move_obj = self.pool.get('stock.move')
-        for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if procurement.product_qty <= 0.00:
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Data Insufficient !'),
                     _('Please check the Quantity in Procurement Order(s), it should not be less than 1!'))
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state': 'confirmed', 'message': ''})
         return True
 
-    def action_move_assigned(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def action_move_assigned(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Changes procurement state to Running and writes message.
         @return: True
         """
@@ -347,14 +347,14 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
                 'message': _('from stock: products assigned.')})
         return True
 
-    def _check_make_to_stock_service(self, cr, uid, procurement, context={}):
+    def _check_make_to_stock_service(self, cr, uid, procurement, context=None):
         """
            This method may be overrided by objects that override procurement.order
            for computing their own purpose
         @return: True"""
         return True
 
-    def _check_make_to_stock_product(self, cr, uid, procurement, context={}):
+    def _check_make_to_stock_product(self, cr, uid, procurement, context=None):
         """ Checks procurement move state.
         @param procurement: Current procurement.
         @return: True or move id.
@@ -374,22 +374,22 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
                     self.log(cr, uid, procurement.id, message)
         return ok
 
-    def action_produce_assign_service(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def action_produce_assign_service(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Changes procurement state to Running.
         @return: True
         """
-        for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             self.write(cr, uid, [procurement.id], {'state': 'running'})
         return True
 
-    def action_produce_assign_product(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def action_produce_assign_product(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ This is action which call from workflow to assign production order to procurements
         @return: True
         """
         return 0
 
 
-    def action_po_assign(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def action_po_assign(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ This is action which call from workflow to assign purchase order to procurements
         @return: True
         """
@@ -459,8 +459,6 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
         ''' Runs through scheduler.
         @param use_new_cursor: False or the dbname
         '''
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         self._procure_confirm(cr, uid, use_new_cursor=use_new_cursor, context=context)
         self._procure_orderpoint_confirm(cr, uid, automatic=automatic,\
                 use_new_cursor=use_new_cursor, context=context)
@@ -521,35 +519,35 @@ class stock_warehouse_orderpoint(osv.osv):
         ('qty_multiple_check', 'CHECK( qty_multiple > 0 )', 'Qty Multiple must be greater than zero.'),
     ]
 
-    def onchange_warehouse_id(self, cr, uid, ids, warehouse_id, context={}):
+    def onchange_warehouse_id(self, cr, uid, ids, warehouse_id, context=None):
         """ Finds location id for changed warehouse.
         @param warehouse_id: Changed id of warehouse.
         @return: Dictionary of values.
         """
         if warehouse_id:
-            w = self.pool.get('stock.warehouse').browse(cr, uid, warehouse_id, context)
+            w = self.pool.get('stock.warehouse').browse(cr, uid, warehouse_id, context=context)
             v = {'location_id': w.lot_stock_id.id}
             return {'value': v}
         return {}
 
-    def onchange_product_id(self, cr, uid, ids, product_id, context={}):
+    def onchange_product_id(self, cr, uid, ids, product_id, context=None):
         """ Finds UoM for changed product.
         @param product_id: Changed id of product.
         @return: Dictionary of values.
         """
         if product_id:
-            prod = self.pool.get('product.product').browse(cr,uid,product_id)
+            prod = self.pool.get('product.product').browse(cr, uid, product_id, context=context)
             v = {'product_uom': prod.uom_id.id}
             return {'value': v}
         return {}
-
-    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None,context={}):
+    
+    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
         if not default:
             default = {}
         default.update({
             'name': self.pool.get('ir.sequence').get(cr, uid, 'stock.orderpoint') or '',
         })
-        return super(stock_warehouse_orderpoint, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context)
-
+        return super(stock_warehouse_orderpoint, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context=context)
+    
 stock_warehouse_orderpoint()
 # vim:expandtab:smartindent:tabstop=4:softtabstop=4:shiftwidth=4:
diff --git a/addons/procurement/schedulers.py b/addons/procurement/schedulers.py
index b3d3c3bb98d..9c83499f0a5 100644
--- a/addons/procurement/schedulers.py
+++ b/addons/procurement/schedulers.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return:  Dictionary of values        
         '''
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         try:
@@ -69,13 +69,13 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
             while True:
                 cr.execute("select id from procurement_order where state='confirmed' and procure_method='make_to_order' order by priority,date_planned limit 500 offset %s", (offset,))
                 ids = map(lambda x: x[0], cr.fetchall())
-                for proc in procurement_obj.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+                for proc in procurement_obj.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
                     if maxdate >= proc.date_planned:
                         wf_service.trg_validate(uid, 'procurement.order', proc.id, 'button_check', cr)
                     else:
                         offset += 1
                         report_later += 1
-                for proc in procurement_obj.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+                for proc in procurement_obj.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
                     if proc.state == 'exception':
                         report.append('PROC %d: on order - %3.2f %-5s - %s' % \
                                 (proc.id, proc.product_qty, proc.product_uom.name,
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
                     else:
                         report_later += 1
                     report_total += 1
-                for proc in procurement_obj.browse(cr, uid, report_ids):
+                for proc in procurement_obj.browse(cr, uid, report_ids, context=context):
                     if proc.state == 'exception':
                         report.append('PROC %d: from stock - %3.2f %-5s - %s' % \
                                 (proc.id, proc.product_qty, proc.product_uom.name,
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return:  Dictionary of values
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         product_obj = self.pool.get('product.product')
         proc_obj = self.pool.get('procurement.order')
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
         @return:  Dictionary of values
         """        
         '''
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         if use_new_cursor:
             cr = pooler.get_db(use_new_cursor).cursor()
diff --git a/addons/procurement/wizard/make_procurement_product.py b/addons/procurement/wizard/make_procurement_product.py
index 292cf7faf72..0f5acf2f5c8 100644
--- a/addons/procurement/wizard/make_procurement_product.py
+++ b/addons/procurement/wizard/make_procurement_product.py
@@ -62,14 +62,14 @@ class make_procurement(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return: A dictionary which loads Procurement form view.
         """
-        user = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context).login
+        user = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).login
         wh_obj = self.pool.get('stock.warehouse')
         procurement_obj = self.pool.get('procurement.order')
         wf_service = netsvc.LocalService("workflow")
         data_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
 
-        for proc in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
-            wh = wh_obj.browse(cr, uid, proc.warehouse_id.id, context)
+        for proc in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
+            wh = wh_obj.browse(cr, uid, proc.warehouse_id.id, context=context)
             procure_id = procurement_obj.create(cr, uid, {
                 'name':'INT: '+str(user),
                 'date_planned': proc.date_planned,
@@ -109,6 +109,8 @@ class make_procurement(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return: A dictionary which of fields with values.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         record_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
 
         res = super(make_procurement, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
diff --git a/addons/procurement/wizard/mrp_procurement.py b/addons/procurement/wizard/mrp_procurement.py
index 40977cf0b1a..7fa28adf5fe 100644
--- a/addons/procurement/wizard/mrp_procurement.py
+++ b/addons/procurement/wizard/mrp_procurement.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class procurement_compute(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = 'procurement.order.compute'
     _description = 'Compute Procurement'
 
-    def _procure_calculation_procure(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def _procure_calculation_procure(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         try:
             proc_obj = self.pool.get('procurement.order')
             proc_obj._procure_confirm(cr, uid, use_new_cursor=cr.dbname, context=context)
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class procurement_compute(osv.osv_memory):
             pass
         return {}
 
-    def procure_calculation(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def procure_calculation(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
          @param self: The object pointer.
          @param cr: A database cursor
diff --git a/addons/procurement/wizard/orderpoint_procurement.py b/addons/procurement/wizard/orderpoint_procurement.py
index cec7d13554d..d94e6753231 100644
--- a/addons/procurement/wizard/orderpoint_procurement.py
+++ b/addons/procurement/wizard/orderpoint_procurement.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class procurement_compute(osv.osv_memory):
             'automatic': False,
     }
 
-    def _procure_calculation_orderpoint(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def _procure_calculation_orderpoint(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ class procurement_compute(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         """
         proc_obj = self.pool.get('procurement.order')
-        for proc in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for proc in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             proc_obj._procure_orderpoint_confirm(cr, uid, automatic=proc.automatic, use_new_cursor=cr.dbname, context=context)
 
         return {}
 
-    def procure_calculation(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def procure_calculation(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
diff --git a/addons/procurement/wizard/schedulers_all.py b/addons/procurement/wizard/schedulers_all.py
index 11ecb9d2bf2..5fae2760edf 100644
--- a/addons/procurement/wizard/schedulers_all.py
+++ b/addons/procurement/wizard/schedulers_all.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class procurement_compute_all(osv.osv_memory):
          'automatic': lambda *a: False,
     }
 
-    def _procure_calculation_all(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def _procure_calculation_all(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ class procurement_compute_all(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         """
         proc_obj = self.pool.get('procurement.order')
-        for proc in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for proc in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             proc_obj.run_scheduler(cr, uid, automatic=proc.automatic, use_new_cursor=cr.dbname,\
                     context=context)
         return {}
 
-    def procure_calculation(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def procure_calculation(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
diff --git a/addons/product/pricelist.py b/addons/product/pricelist.py
index 7d9aaa834f9..e2c4f6735b2 100644
--- a/addons/product/pricelist.py
+++ b/addons/product/pricelist.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class price_type(osv.osv):
         When a field is a price, you can use it in pricelists to base
         sale and purchase prices based on some fields of the product.
     """
-    def _price_field_get(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _price_field_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         mf = self.pool.get('ir.model.fields')
         ids = mf.search(cr, uid, [('model','in', (('product.product'),('product.template'))), ('ttype','=','float')], context=context)
         res = []
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ product_pricelist_type()
 
 
 class product_pricelist(osv.osv):
-    def _pricelist_type_get(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _pricelist_type_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         pricelist_type_obj = self.pool.get('product.pricelist.type')
         pricelist_type_ids = pricelist_type_obj.search(cr, uid, [], order='name')
         pricelist_types = pricelist_type_obj.read(cr, uid, pricelist_type_ids, ['key','name'], context=context)
@@ -104,11 +104,11 @@ class product_pricelist(osv.osv):
         'company_id': fields.many2one('res.company', 'Company'),
     }
 
-    def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         result= []
         if not all(ids):
             return result
-        for pl in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for pl in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             name = pl.name + ' ('+ pl.currency_id.name + ')'
             result.append((pl.id,name))
         return result
@@ -307,7 +307,8 @@ class product_pricelist(osv.osv):
         '''
         price = False
         item_id = 0
-        context = context or {}
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         currency_obj = self.pool.get('res.currency')
         product_obj = self.pool.get('product.product')
         supplierinfo_obj = self.pool.get('product.supplierinfo')
@@ -464,13 +465,13 @@ class product_pricelist_version(osv.osv):
     }
 
     # We desactivate duplicated pricelists, so that dates do not overlap
-    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None,context={}):
+    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
         if not default: default= {}
         default['active'] = False
         return super(product_pricelist_version, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context)
 
-    def _check_date(self, cursor, user, ids):
-        for pricelist_version in self.browse(cursor, user, ids):
+    def _check_date(self, cursor, user, ids, context=None):
+        for pricelist_version in self.browse(cursor, user, ids, context=context):
             if not pricelist_version.active:
                 continue
             where = []
@@ -499,7 +500,7 @@ class product_pricelist_version(osv.osv):
 product_pricelist_version()
 
 class product_pricelist_item(osv.osv):
-    def _price_field_get(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _price_field_get(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         pt = self.pool.get('product.price.type')
         ids = pt.search(cr, uid, [], context=context)
         result = []
@@ -520,8 +521,8 @@ class product_pricelist_item(osv.osv):
         'price_discount': lambda *a: 0,
     }
 
-    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids):
-        for obj_list in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        for obj_list in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if obj_list.base == -1:
                 main_pricelist = obj_list.price_version_id.pricelist_id.id
                 other_pricelist = obj_list.base_pricelist_id.id
@@ -562,7 +563,7 @@ class product_pricelist_item(osv.osv):
         (_check_recursion, 'Error ! You cannot assign the Main Pricelist as Other Pricelist in PriceList Item!', ['base_pricelist_id'])
     ]
 
-    def product_id_change(self, cr, uid, ids, product_id, context={}):
+    def product_id_change(self, cr, uid, ids, product_id, context=None):
         if not product_id:
             return {}
         prod = self.pool.get('product.product').read(cr, uid, [product_id], ['code','name'])
diff --git a/addons/product/product.py b/addons/product/product.py
index 2b99f48a062..62ce31be9d6 100644
--- a/addons/product/product.py
+++ b/addons/product/product.py
@@ -77,16 +77,16 @@ class product_uom(osv.osv):
     def _compute_factor_inv(self, factor):
         return factor and round(1.0 / factor, 6) or 0.0
 
-    def _factor_inv(self, cursor, user, ids, name, arg, context):
+    def _factor_inv(self, cursor, user, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
         for uom in self.browse(cursor, user, ids, context=context):
             res[uom.id] = self._compute_factor_inv(uom.factor)
         return res
 
-    def _factor_inv_write(self, cursor, user, id, name, value, arg, context):
+    def _factor_inv_write(self, cursor, user, id, name, value, arg, context=None):
         return self.write(cursor, user, id, {'factor': self._compute_factor_inv(value)}, context=context)
 
-    def create(self, cr, uid, data, context={}):
+    def create(self, cr, uid, data, context=None):
         if 'factor_inv' in data:
             if data['factor_inv'] <> 1:
                 data['factor'] = self._compute_factor_inv(data['factor_inv'])
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class product_category(osv.osv):
     def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         if not len(ids):
             return []
-        reads = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name','parent_id'], context)
+        reads = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['name','parent_id'], context=context)
         res = []
         for record in reads:
             name = record['name']
@@ -197,8 +197,8 @@ class product_category(osv.osv):
             res.append((record['id'], name))
         return res
 
-    def _name_get_fnc(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context):
-        res = self.name_get(cr, uid, ids, context)
+    def _name_get_fnc(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, unknow_none, context=None):
+        res = self.name_get(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         return dict(res)
 
     _name = "product.category"
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ class product_category(osv.osv):
     }
 
     _order = "sequence"
-    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         level = 100
         while len(ids):
             cr.execute('select distinct parent_id from product_category where id IN %s',(tuple(ids),))
@@ -243,9 +243,9 @@ product_category()
 class product_template(osv.osv):
     _name = "product.template"
     _description = "Product Template"
-    def _calc_seller(self, cr, uid, ids, fields, arg, context={}):
+    def _calc_seller(self, cr, uid, ids, fields, arg, context=None):
         result = {}
-        for product in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for product in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for field in fields:
                 result[product.id] = {field:False}
             result[product.id]['seller_delay'] = 1
@@ -308,7 +308,9 @@ class product_template(osv.osv):
         res = cr.fetchone()
         return res and res[0] or False
 
-    def _default_category(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _default_category(self, cr, uid, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         if 'categ_id' in context and context['categ_id']:
             return context['categ_id']
         md = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
@@ -340,14 +342,14 @@ class product_template(osv.osv):
         'type' : lambda *a: 'consu',
     }
 
-    def _check_uom(self, cursor, user, ids):
-        for product in self.browse(cursor, user, ids):
+    def _check_uom(self, cursor, user, ids, context=None):
+        for product in self.browse(cursor, user, ids, context=context):
             if product.uom_id.category_id.id <> product.uom_po_id.category_id.id:
                 return False
         return True
 
-    def _check_uos(self, cursor, user, ids):
-        for product in self.browse(cursor, user, ids):
+    def _check_uos(self, cursor, user, ids, context=None):
+        for product in self.browse(cursor, user, ids, context=context):
             if product.uos_id \
                     and product.uos_id.category_id.id \
                     == product.uom_id.category_id.id:
@@ -359,7 +361,9 @@ class product_template(osv.osv):
         (_check_uom, 'Error: The default UOM and the purchase UOM must be in the same category.', ['uom_id']),
     ]
 
-    def name_get(self, cr, user, ids, context={}):
+    def name_get(self, cr, user, ids, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         if 'partner_id' in context:
             pass
         return super(product_template, self).name_get(cr, user, ids, context)
@@ -367,14 +371,18 @@ class product_template(osv.osv):
 product_template()
 
 class product_product(osv.osv):
-    def view_header_get(self, cr, uid, view_id, view_type, context):
+    def view_header_get(self, cr, uid, view_id, view_type, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         res = super(product_product, self).view_header_get(cr, uid, view_id, view_type, context)
         if (context.get('categ_id', False)):
-            return _('Products: ')+self.pool.get('product.category').browse(cr, uid, context['categ_id'], context).name
+            return _('Products: ')+self.pool.get('product.category').browse(cr, uid, context['categ_id'], context=context).name
         return res
 
-    def _product_price(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context={}):
+    def _product_price(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         quantity = context.get('quantity') or 1.0
         pricelist = context.get('pricelist', False)
         if pricelist:
@@ -389,7 +397,7 @@ class product_product(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def _get_product_available_func(states, what):
-        def _product_available(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context={}):
+        def _product_available(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
             return {}.fromkeys(ids, 0.0)
         return _product_available
 
@@ -413,23 +421,27 @@ class product_product(osv.osv):
             res[product.id] =  (res[product.id] or 0.0) * (product.price_margin or 1.0) + product.price_extra
         return res
 
-    def _get_partner_code_name(self, cr, uid, ids, product, partner_id, context={}):
+    def _get_partner_code_name(self, cr, uid, ids, product, partner_id, context=None):
         for supinfo in product.seller_ids:
             if supinfo.name.id == partner_id:
                 return {'code': supinfo.product_code or product.default_code, 'name': supinfo.product_name or product.name, 'variants': ''}
         res = {'code': product.default_code, 'name': product.name, 'variants': product.variants}
         return res
 
-    def _product_code(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context={}):
+    def _product_code(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
-        for p in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
-            res[p.id] = self._get_partner_code_name(cr, uid, [], p, context.get('partner_id', None), context)['code']
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
+        for p in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
+            res[p.id] = self._get_partner_code_name(cr, uid, [], p, context.get('partner_id', None), context=context)['code']
         return res
 
-    def _product_partner_ref(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context={}):
+    def _product_partner_ref(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
-        for p in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
-            data = self._get_partner_code_name(cr, uid, [], p, context.get('partner_id', None), context)
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
+        for p in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
+            data = self._get_partner_code_name(cr, uid, [], p, context.get('partner_id', None), context=context)
             if not data['variants']:
                 data['variants'] = p.variants
             if not data['code']:
@@ -479,8 +491,8 @@ class product_product(osv.osv):
                 return {'value': {'uom_po_id': uom_id}}
         return False
 
-    def _check_ean_key(self, cr, uid, ids):
-        for product in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+    def _check_ean_key(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        for product in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res = check_ean(product.ean13)
         return res
 
@@ -518,14 +530,12 @@ class product_product(osv.osv):
                               }
                     result.append(_name_get(mydict))
             else:
-                result.append(_name_get(self.read(cr, user, product.id, ['variants','name','default_code'], context)))
+                result.append(_name_get(self.read(cr, user, product.id, ['variants','name','default_code'], context=context)))
         return result
 
     def name_search(self, cr, user, name='', args=None, operator='ilike', context=None, limit=100):
         if not args:
             args=[]
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         if name:
             ids = self.search(cr, user, [('default_code',operator,name)]+ args, limit=limit, context=context)
             if not len(ids):
@@ -540,7 +550,7 @@ class product_product(osv.osv):
                    ids = self.search(cr, user, [('default_code','ilike',res.group(2))]+ args, limit=limit, context=context)
         else:
             ids = self.search(cr, user, args, limit=limit, context=context)
-        result = self.name_get(cr, user, ids, context)
+        result = self.name_get(cr, user, ids, context=context)
         return result
 
     #
@@ -576,7 +586,7 @@ class product_product(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
 
         product = self.read(cr, uid, id, ['name'], context=context)
@@ -630,24 +640,24 @@ class product_packaging(osv.osv):
     }
 
 
-    def _check_ean_key(self, cr, uid, ids):
-        for pack in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+    def _check_ean_key(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        for pack in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res = check_ean(pack.ean)
         return res
 
     _constraints = [(_check_ean_key, 'Error: Invalid ean code', ['ean'])]
 
-    def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         if not len(ids):
             return []
         res = []
-        for pckg in self.browse(cr, uid, ids,context=context):
+        for pckg in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             p_name = pckg.ean and '[' + pckg.ean + '] ' or ''
             p_name += pckg.ul.name
             res.append((pckg.id,p_name))
         return res
 
-    def _get_1st_ul(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_1st_ul(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         cr.execute('select id from product_ul order by id asc limit 1')
         res = cr.fetchone()
         return (res and res[0]) or False
@@ -672,10 +682,10 @@ product_packaging()
 class product_supplierinfo(osv.osv):
     _name = "product.supplierinfo"
     _description = "Information about a product supplier"
-    def _calc_qty(self, cr, uid, ids, fields, arg, context={}):
+    def _calc_qty(self, cr, uid, ids, fields, arg, context=None):
         result = {}
         product_uom_pool = self.pool.get('product.uom')
-        for supplier_info in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for supplier_info in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for field in fields:
                 result[supplier_info.id] = {field:False}
             if supplier_info.product_uom.id:
@@ -709,8 +719,8 @@ class product_supplierinfo(osv.osv):
         'delay': lambda *a: 1,
         'company_id': lambda self,cr,uid,c: self.pool.get('res.company')._company_default_get(cr, uid, 'product.supplierinfo', context=c)
     }
-    def _check_uom(self, cr, uid, ids):
-        for supplier_info in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+    def _check_uom(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        for supplier_info in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if supplier_info.product_uom and supplier_info.product_uom.category_id.id <> supplier_info.product_id.uom_id.category_id.id:
                 return False
         return True
@@ -725,8 +735,6 @@ class product_supplierinfo(osv.osv):
         @param product_id: Id of product.
         @param product_qty: specify quantity to purchase.
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         if type(supplier_ids) in (int,long,):
             supplier_ids = [supplier_ids]
         res = {}
@@ -734,7 +742,7 @@ class product_supplierinfo(osv.osv):
         partner_pool = self.pool.get('res.partner')
         pricelist_pool = self.pool.get('product.pricelist')
         currency_pool = self.pool.get('res.currency')
-        currency_id = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid).company_id.currency_id.id
+        currency_id = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id.currency_id.id
         for supplier in partner_pool.browse(cr, uid, supplier_ids, context=context):
             # Compute price from standard price of product
             price = product_pool.price_get(cr, uid, [product_id], 'standard_price')[product_id]
@@ -776,8 +784,8 @@ pricelist_partnerinfo()
 
 class res_users(osv.osv):
     _inherit = 'res.users'
-    def _get_group(self, cr, uid, context):
-        result = super(res_users, self)._get_group(cr, uid, context)
+    def _get_group(self, cr, uid, context=None):
+        result = super(res_users, self)._get_group(cr, uid, context=context)
         dataobj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         try:
             dummy,group_id = dataobj.get_object_reference(cr, 1, 'product', 'group_product_manager')
diff --git a/addons/product/wizard/product_price.py b/addons/product/wizard/product_price.py
index 853935acf6e..5a5327a3f6d 100644
--- a/addons/product/wizard/product_price.py
+++ b/addons/product/wizard/product_price.py
@@ -48,8 +48,10 @@ class product_price_list(osv.osv_memory):
         To get the date and print the report
         @return : return report
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         datas = {'ids': context.get('active_ids', [])}
-        res = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['price_list','qty1', 'qty2','qty3','qty4','qty5'], context)
+        res = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['price_list','qty1', 'qty2','qty3','qty4','qty5'], context=context)
         res = res and res[0] or {}
         datas['form'] = res
         return {
diff --git a/addons/product_expiry/product_expiry.py b/addons/product_expiry/product_expiry.py
index fb53d9d0c03..4497ca71957 100644
--- a/addons/product_expiry/product_expiry.py
+++ b/addons/product_expiry/product_expiry.py
@@ -60,7 +60,8 @@ class stock_production_lot(osv.osv):
         for f in ('life_date', 'use_date', 'removal_date', 'alert_date'):
             if not getattr(obj, f):
                 towrite.append(f)
-        context = context or {}
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         context['product_id'] = obj.product_id.id
         self.write(cr, uid, [obj.id], self.default_get(cr, uid, towrite, context=context))
         return newid
diff --git a/addons/product_margin/wizard/product_margin.py b/addons/product_margin/wizard/product_margin.py
index 811477571d4..c1430566abe 100644
--- a/addons/product_margin/wizard/product_margin.py
+++ b/addons/product_margin/wizard/product_margin.py
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class product_margin(osv.osv_memory):
         """
         mod_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         result = mod_obj._get_id(cr, uid, 'product', 'product_search_form_view')
-        id = mod_obj.read(cr, uid, result, ['res_id'])
+        id = mod_obj.read(cr, uid, result, ['res_id'], context=context)
         cr.execute('select id,name from ir_ui_view where name=%s and type=%s', ('product.margin.graph', 'graph'))
         view_res3 = cr.fetchone()[0]
         cr.execute('select id,name from ir_ui_view where name=%s and type=%s', ('product.margin.form.inherit', 'form'))
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class product_margin(osv.osv_memory):
         view_res = cr.fetchone()[0]
 
         #get the current product.margin object to obtain the values from it
-        product_margin_obj = self.browse(cr,uid,ids)[0]
+        product_margin_obj = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
 
         return {
             'name': _('Product Margins'),
diff --git a/addons/product_visible_discount/product_visible_discount.py b/addons/product_visible_discount/product_visible_discount.py
index cab071c34f2..bf4c2dc24f0 100644
--- a/addons/product_visible_discount/product_visible_discount.py
+++ b/addons/product_visible_discount/product_visible_discount.py
@@ -105,8 +105,8 @@ sale_order_line()
 class account_invoice_line(osv.osv):
     _inherit = "account.invoice.line"
 
-    def product_id_change(self, cr, uid, ids, product, uom, qty=0, name='', type='out_invoice', partner_id=False, fposition_id=False, price_unit=False, address_invoice_id=False, currency_id=False, context={}):
-        res = super(account_invoice_line, self).product_id_change(cr, uid, ids, product, uom, qty, name, type, partner_id, fposition_id, price_unit, address_invoice_id, currency_id, context)
+    def product_id_change(self, cr, uid, ids, product, uom, qty=0, name='', type='out_invoice', partner_id=False, fposition_id=False, price_unit=False, address_invoice_id=False, currency_id=False, context=None):
+        res = super(account_invoice_line, self).product_id_change(cr, uid, ids, product, uom, qty, name, type, partner_id, fposition_id, price_unit, address_invoice_id, currency_id, context=context)
 
         def get_real_price(res_dict, product_id, qty, uom, pricelist):
             item_obj = self.pool.get('product.pricelist.item')
diff --git a/addons/project/project.py b/addons/project/project.py
index 7aa94fba079..1df4b0dca96 100644
--- a/addons/project/project.py
+++ b/addons/project/project.py
@@ -104,16 +104,12 @@ class project(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def _get_project_task(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         result = {}
         for task in self.pool.get('project.task').browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if task.project_id: result[task.project_id.id] = True
         return result.keys()
 
     def _get_project_work(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         result = {}
         for work in self.pool.get('project.task.work').browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if work.task_id and work.task_id.project_id: result[work.task_id.project_id.id] = True
@@ -168,12 +164,12 @@ class project(osv.osv):
     }
 
     # TODO: Why not using a SQL contraints ?
-    def _check_dates(self, cr, uid, ids):
-         for leave in self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['date_start', 'date']):
+    def _check_dates(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        for leave in self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['date_start', 'date'], context=context):
              if leave['date_start'] and leave['date']:
                  if leave['date_start'] > leave['date']:
                      return False
-         return True
+        return True
 
     _constraints = [
         (_check_dates, 'Error! project start-date must be lower then project end-date.', ['date_start', 'date'])
@@ -382,8 +378,6 @@ class task(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def _get_task(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         result = {}
         for work in self.pool.get('project.task.work').browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if work.task_id: result[work.task_id.id] = True
@@ -451,8 +445,8 @@ class task(osv.osv):
 
     _order = "sequence, priority, date_start, id"
 
-    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids):
-        obj_task = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0])
+    def _check_recursion(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        obj_task = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
         parent_ids = [x.id for x in obj_task.parent_ids]
         children_ids = [x.id for x in obj_task.child_ids]
 
@@ -487,7 +481,7 @@ class task(osv.osv):
 
         # read uom as admin to avoid access rights issues, e.g. for portal/share users,
         # this should be safe (no context passed to avoid side-effects)
-        obj_tm = users_obj.browse(cr, 1, uid).company_id.project_time_mode_id
+        obj_tm = users_obj.browse(cr, 1, uid, context=context).company_id.project_time_mode_id
         tm = obj_tm and obj_tm.name or 'Hours'
 
         res = super(task, self).fields_view_get(cr, uid, view_id, view_type, context, toolbar, submenu=submenu)
@@ -537,8 +531,6 @@ class task(osv.osv):
         """
         Close Task
         """
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         request = self.pool.get('res.request')
         for task in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             project = task.project_id
@@ -569,8 +561,6 @@ class task(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def do_reopen(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         request = self.pool.get('res.request')
 
         for task in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
@@ -629,8 +619,6 @@ class task(osv.osv):
         """
         Delegate Task to another users.
         """
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         task = self.browse(cr, uid, task_id, context=context)
         new_task_id = self.copy(cr, uid, task.id, {
             'name': delegate_data['name'],
@@ -642,17 +630,17 @@ class task(osv.osv):
             'description': delegate_data['new_task_description'] or '',
             'child_ids': [],
             'work_ids': []
-        }, context)
+        }, context=context)
         newname = delegate_data['prefix'] or ''
         self.write(cr, uid, [task.id], {
             'remaining_hours': delegate_data['planned_hours_me'],
             'planned_hours': delegate_data['planned_hours_me'] + (task.effective_hours or 0.0),
             'name': newname,
-        }, context)
+        }, context=context)
         if delegate_data['state'] == 'pending':
             self.do_pending(cr, uid, [task.id], context)
         else:
-            self.do_close(cr, uid, [task.id], context)
+            self.do_close(cr, uid, [task.id], context=context)
         user_pool = self.pool.get('res.users')
         delegate_user = user_pool.browse(cr, uid, delegate_data['user_id'], context=context)
         message = _("The task '%s' has been delegated to %s.") % (delegate_data['name'], delegate_user.name)
@@ -715,11 +703,11 @@ class project_work(osv.osv):
             cr.execute('update project_task set remaining_hours=remaining_hours - %s where id=%s', (vals.get('hours',0.0), vals['task_id']))
         return super(project_work,self).create(cr, uid, vals, *args, **kwargs)
 
-    def write(self, cr, uid, ids,vals,context={}):
+    def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None):
         if 'hours' in vals and (not vals['hours']):
             vals['hours'] = 0.00
         if 'hours' in vals:
-            for work in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+            for work in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
                 cr.execute('update project_task set remaining_hours=remaining_hours - %s + (%s) where id=%s', (vals.get('hours',0.0), work.hours, work.task_id.id))
         return super(project_work,self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context)
 
diff --git a/addons/project/wizard/project_task_delegate.py b/addons/project/wizard/project_task_delegate.py
index 61fec536e50..72b32f7db68 100644
--- a/addons/project/wizard/project_task_delegate.py
+++ b/addons/project/wizard/project_task_delegate.py
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class project_task_delegate(osv.osv_memory):
     def fields_view_get(self, cr, uid, view_id=None, view_type='form', context=None, toolbar=False, submenu=False):
         res = super(project_task_delegate, self).fields_view_get(cr, uid, view_id, view_type, context, toolbar, submenu=submenu)
         users_pool = self.pool.get('res.users')
-        obj_tm = users_pool.browse(cr, uid, uid, context).company_id.project_time_mode_id
+        obj_tm = users_pool.browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id.project_time_mode_id
         tm = obj_tm and obj_tm.name or 'Hours'
         if tm in ['Hours','Hour']:
             return res
diff --git a/addons/project_caldav/project_caldav.py b/addons/project_caldav/project_caldav.py
index f1a4bc73e4b..ada89d35e69 100644
--- a/addons/project_caldav/project_caldav.py
+++ b/addons/project_caldav/project_caldav.py
@@ -57,9 +57,6 @@ class project_task(osv.osv):
         @return: Dictionary value which open Project Task form.
         """
 
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
-
         data_pool = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         value = {}
         task_form_id = data_pool.get_object(cr, uid, 'project', 'view_task_form2')
@@ -91,7 +88,7 @@ class project_task(osv.osv):
             context = {}
         ids = []
         for val in vals:
-            obj_tm = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context).company_id.project_time_mode_id
+            obj_tm = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id.project_time_mode_id
             if not val.get('planned_hours', False):
                 # 'Computes duration' in days
                 plan = 0.0
diff --git a/addons/project_gtd/wizard/project_gtd_fill.py b/addons/project_gtd/wizard/project_gtd_fill.py
index 332a7f072a8..db0d7187500 100644
--- a/addons/project_gtd/wizard/project_gtd_fill.py
+++ b/addons/project_gtd/wizard/project_gtd_fill.py
@@ -32,8 +32,6 @@ class project_timebox_fill(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
     def _get_from_tb(self, cr, uid, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         ids = self.pool.get('project.gtd.timebox').search(cr, uid, [], context=context)
         return ids and ids[0] or False
 
@@ -50,11 +48,9 @@ class project_timebox_fill(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
     def process(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if not ids:
             return {}
-        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [])
+        data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)
         if not data[0]['task_ids']:
             return {}
         self.pool.get('project.task').write(cr, uid, data[0]['task_ids'], {'timebox_id':data[0]['timebox_to_id']})
diff --git a/addons/project_issue/project_issue.py b/addons/project_issue/project_issue.py
index 2887b25610d..dc272404688 100644
--- a/addons/project_issue/project_issue.py
+++ b/addons/project_issue/project_issue.py
@@ -78,8 +78,6 @@ class project_issue(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def _compute_day(self, cr, uid, ids, fields, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         """
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
@@ -143,8 +141,6 @@ class project_issue(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def _get_issue_task(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         issues = []
         issue_pool = self.pool.get('project.issue')
         for task in self.pool.get('project.task').browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
@@ -152,8 +148,6 @@ class project_issue(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
         return issues
 
     def _get_issue_work(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         issues = []
         issue_pool = self.pool.get('project.issue')
         for work in self.pool.get('project.task.work').browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
@@ -230,7 +224,7 @@ class project_issue(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
             }),
     }
 
-    def _get_project(self, cr, uid, context):
+    def _get_project(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         user = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context)
         if user.context_project_id:
             return user.context_project_id.id
@@ -339,12 +333,10 @@ class project_issue(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
 
 
     def onchange_task_id(self, cr, uid, ids, task_id, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         result = {}
         if not task_id:
             return {'value':{}}
-        task = self.pool.get('project.task').browse(cr, uid, task_id, context)
+        task = self.pool.get('project.task').browse(cr, uid, task_id, context=context)
         return {'value':{'assigned_to': task.user_id.id,}}
 
     def case_escalate(self, cr, uid, ids, *args):
@@ -370,7 +362,7 @@ class project_issue(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
         self._history(cr, uid, cases, _('Escalate'))
         return True
 
-    def message_new(self, cr, uid, msg, context):
+    def message_new(self, cr, uid, msg, context=None):
         """
         Automatically calls when new email message arrives
 
@@ -378,7 +370,8 @@ class project_issue(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks
         """
-
+        if context is None: 
+            context = {}
         mailgate_pool = self.pool.get('email.server.tools')
 
         subject = msg.get('subject') or _('No Title')
@@ -400,7 +393,7 @@ class project_issue(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
         if res:
             vals.update(res)
         context.update({'state_to' : 'draft'})
-        res = self.create(cr, uid, vals, context)
+        res = self.create(cr, uid, vals, context=context)
         self.convert_to_bug(cr, uid, [res], context=context)
 
         attachents = msg.get('attachments', [])
@@ -418,8 +411,6 @@ class project_issue(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def message_update(self, cr, uid, ids, vals={}, msg="", default_act='pending', context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         """
         @param self: The object pointer
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -466,8 +457,6 @@ class project_issue(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         issue = self.read(cr, uid, id, ['name'], context=context)
         if not default:
             default = {}
@@ -486,8 +475,8 @@ class project(osv.osv):
         'reply_to' : fields.char('Reply-To Email Address', size=256)
     }
 
-    def _check_escalation(self, cr, uid, ids):
-         project_obj = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0])
+    def _check_escalation(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+         project_obj = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
          if project_obj.project_escalation_id:
              if project_obj.project_escalation_id.id == project_obj.id:
                  return False
diff --git a/addons/project_long_term/project_long_term.py b/addons/project_long_term/project_long_term.py
index faea0916906..4640ea8fa48 100644
--- a/addons/project_long_term/project_long_term.py
+++ b/addons/project_long_term/project_long_term.py
@@ -153,8 +153,6 @@ class project_phase(osv.osv):
         return {'value': result}
 
     def _check_date_start(self, cr, uid, phase, date_end, context=None):
-       if context is None:
-            context = {}
        """
        Check And Compute date_end of phase if change in date_start < older time.
        """
@@ -175,8 +173,6 @@ class project_phase(osv.osv):
        self.write(cr, uid, [phase.id], {'date_start': dt_start, 'date_end': date_end.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')}, context=context)
 
     def _check_date_end(self, cr, uid, phase, date_start, context=None):
-       if context is None:
-            context = {}
        """
        Check And Compute date_end of phase if change in date_end > older time.
        """
@@ -277,8 +273,6 @@ class project_phase(osv.osv):
         Return a list of  Resource Class objects for the resources allocated to the phase.
         """
         res = {}
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         resource_pool = self.pool.get('resource.resource')
         for phase in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             user_ids = map(lambda x:x.resource_id.user_id.id, phase.resource_ids)
@@ -299,8 +293,6 @@ class project_phase(osv.osv):
         resource_pool = self.pool.get('resource.resource')
         resource_allocation_pool = self.pool.get('project.resource.allocation')
         uom_pool = self.pool.get('product.uom')
-        if context is None:
-           context = {}
         default_uom_id = self._get_default_uom_id(cr, uid)
         for phase in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not phase.responsible_id:
@@ -366,8 +358,6 @@ class project_phase(osv.osv):
         """
         task_pool = self.pool.get('project.task')
         resource_pool = self.pool.get('resource.resource')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         resources_list = self.generate_resources(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         return_msg = {}
         for phase in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
@@ -431,8 +421,6 @@ class project(osv.osv):
         """
         res = {}
         resource_pool = self.pool.get('resource.resource')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for project in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             user_ids = map(lambda x:x.id, project.members)
             calendar_id  = project.resource_calendar_id and project.resource_calendar_id.id or False
@@ -444,8 +432,6 @@ class project(osv.osv):
         """
         Schedule the phases.
         """
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if type(ids) in (long, int,):
             ids = [ids]
         phase_pool = self.pool.get('project.phase')
@@ -471,9 +457,6 @@ class project(osv.osv):
         user_pool = self.pool.get('res.users')
         task_pool = self.pool.get('project.task')
         resource_pool = self.pool.get('resource.resource')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
-
         resources_list = self.generate_members(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         return_msg = {}
         for project in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
@@ -507,7 +490,7 @@ class resource_resource(osv.osv):
             context = {}
         if context.get('project_id',False):
             project_pool = self.pool.get('project.project')
-            project_rec = project_pool.browse(cr, uid, context['project_id'])
+            project_rec = project_pool.browse(cr, uid, context['project_id'], context=context)
             user_ids = [user_id.id for user_id in project_rec.members]
             args.append(('user_id','in',user_ids))
         return super(resource_resource, self).search(cr, uid, args, offset, limit, order, context, count)
diff --git a/addons/project_long_term/wizard/project_compute_phases.py b/addons/project_long_term/wizard/project_compute_phases.py
index ade1da5c9d9..351297384fd 100644
--- a/addons/project_long_term/wizard/project_compute_phases.py
+++ b/addons/project_long_term/wizard/project_compute_phases.py
@@ -44,8 +44,6 @@ class project_compute_phases(osv.osv_memory):
         """
         Compute the phases for scheduling.
         """
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         project_pool = self.pool.get('project.project')
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
         if not data['project_id'] and data['target_project'] == 'one':
diff --git a/addons/project_long_term/wizard/project_schedule_tasks.py b/addons/project_long_term/wizard/project_schedule_tasks.py
index 48039112e86..1a9081b1f5d 100644
--- a/addons/project_long_term/wizard/project_schedule_tasks.py
+++ b/addons/project_long_term/wizard/project_schedule_tasks.py
@@ -32,8 +32,6 @@ class project_schedule_task(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
     def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields_list, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = super(project_schedule_task, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields_list, context)
         self.compute_date(cr, uid, context=context)
         return res
diff --git a/addons/project_mailgate/project_mailgate.py b/addons/project_mailgate/project_mailgate.py
index c232b41fe76..64bb8c2dc69 100644
--- a/addons/project_mailgate/project_mailgate.py
+++ b/addons/project_mailgate/project_mailgate.py
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class project_tasks(osv.osv):
             select = [ids]
         else:
             select = ids
-        for task in self.browse(cr, uid, select):
+        for task in self.browse(cr, uid, select, context=context):
             user_email = (task.user_id and task.user_id.address_id and task.user_id.address_id.email) or False
             res += [(user_email, False, False, task.priority)]
         if isinstance(ids, (str, int, long)):
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class project_tasks(osv.osv):
     def msg_send(self, cr, uid, id, *args, **argv):
         return True
     
-    def _history(self, cr, uid, cases, keyword, history=False, subject=None, email=False, details=None, email_from=False, message_id=False, attach=[], context={}):
+    def _history(self, cr, uid, cases, keyword, history=False, subject=None, email=False, details=None, email_from=False, message_id=False, attach=[], context=None):
         mailgate_pool = self.pool.get('mailgate.thread')
         return mailgate_pool.history(cr, uid, cases, keyword, history=history,\
                                        subject=subject, email=email, \
diff --git a/addons/project_mrp/project_procurement.py b/addons/project_mrp/project_procurement.py
index 393961a005d..7e7978eda59 100644
--- a/addons/project_mrp/project_procurement.py
+++ b/addons/project_mrp/project_procurement.py
@@ -29,13 +29,11 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
     _columns = {
         'task_id': fields.many2one('project.task', 'Task')
     }
-    def check_produce_service(self, cr, uid, procurement, context=[]):
+    def check_produce_service(self, cr, uid, procurement, context=None):
         return True
 
     def action_produce_assign_service(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
-        for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             self.write(cr, uid, [procurement.id], {'state': 'running'})
             planned_hours = procurement.product_qty
             task_id = self.pool.get('project.task').create(cr, uid, {
diff --git a/addons/project_planning/project_planning.py b/addons/project_planning/project_planning.py
index 83c9cd6dff5..dc89bcd4d31 100644
--- a/addons/project_planning/project_planning.py
+++ b/addons/project_planning/project_planning.py
@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@ import tools
 
 class one2many_mod3(fields.one2many):
     def get(self, cr, obj, ids, name, user=None, offset=0, context=None, values=None):
-        if not context:
-            context = context
         res = {}
         for obj in obj.browse(cr, user, ids, context=context):
             res[obj.id] = []
@@ -52,8 +50,6 @@ class report_account_analytic_planning(osv.osv):
     _description = "Planning"
 
     def _child_compute(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         obj_dept = self.pool.get('hr.department')
         obj_user = self.pool.get('res.users')
         result = {}
@@ -82,7 +78,7 @@ class report_account_analytic_planning(osv.osv):
 
     def _get_total_planned(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
         result = {}
-        for plan in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for plan in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             plan_hrs=0.0
             for p in plan.planning_user_ids:
                 if not p.plan_open : p.plan_open = 0.0
@@ -93,7 +89,7 @@ class report_account_analytic_planning(osv.osv):
 
     def _get_total_free(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
         result = {}
-        for plan in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for plan in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             total_free = 0.0
             for p in plan.planning_user_ids:
                 if  p.free:
@@ -102,8 +98,6 @@ class report_account_analytic_planning(osv.osv):
         return result
 
     def _check_planning_responsible(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for obj_plan in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             cr.execute("""
                 SELECT id FROM report_account_analytic_planning plan
@@ -151,26 +145,18 @@ class report_account_analytic_planning(osv.osv):
     ]
 
     def action_open(self, cr, uid, id, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, id, {'state' : 'open'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def action_cancel(self, cr, uid, id, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, id, {'state' : 'cancel'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def action_draft(self, cr, uid, id, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, id, {'state' : 'draft'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def action_done(self, cr, uid, id, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, id, {'state' : 'done'}, context=context)
         return True
 
@@ -182,11 +168,9 @@ class report_account_analytic_planning_line(osv.osv):
     _rec_name = 'user_id'
 
     def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if not len(ids):
             return []
-        reads = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['user_id', 'planning_id', 'note'], context)
+        reads = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['user_id', 'planning_id', 'note'], context=context)
         res = []
         for record in reads:
             name = '['+record['planning_id'][1]
@@ -200,16 +184,14 @@ class report_account_analytic_planning_line(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def _amount_base_uom(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         users_obj = self.pool.get('res.users')
         result = {}
-        tm = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context).company_id.planning_time_mode_id
+        tm = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id.planning_time_mode_id
         if tm and tm.factor:
             div = tm.factor
         else:
             div = 1.0
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             result[line.id] = line.amount / line.amount_unit.factor * div
         return result
 
@@ -244,7 +226,7 @@ class project_task(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def search(self, cr, user, args, offset=0, limit=None, order=None, context=None, count=False):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         if not context.get('planning', False):
             return super(project_task,self).search(cr, user, args, offset, limit, order, context)
@@ -264,8 +246,6 @@ class report_account_analytic_planning_user(osv.osv):
     _auto = False
 
     def _get_tasks(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         users_obj = self.pool.get('res.users')
         result = {}
         tm = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id.project_time_mode_id
@@ -278,7 +258,7 @@ class report_account_analytic_planning_user(osv.osv):
             div2 = tm2.factor
         else:
             div2 = 1.0
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if line.user_id:
                 cr.execute("""select COALESCE(sum(tasks.remaining_hours),0) from project_task tasks \
                                where  tasks.planning_line_id IN (select id from report_account_analytic_planning_line\
@@ -290,10 +270,8 @@ class report_account_analytic_planning_user(osv.osv):
         return result
 
     def _get_free(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         result = {}
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if line.user_id:
                 result[line.id] = line.planning_id.business_days - line.plan_tasks - line.plan_open - line.holiday
             else:
@@ -301,16 +279,14 @@ class report_account_analytic_planning_user(osv.osv):
         return result
 
     def _get_timesheets(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         users_obj = self.pool.get('res.users')
         result = {}
-        tm2 = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context).company_id.planning_time_mode_id
+        tm2 = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id.planning_time_mode_id
         if tm2 and tm2.factor:
             div2 = tm2.factor
         else:
             div2 = 1.0
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if line.user_id:
                 cr.execute("""
                 SELECT sum(unit_amount/uom.factor) FROM account_analytic_line acc
@@ -412,21 +388,19 @@ class report_account_analytic_planning_account(osv.osv):
     _auto = False
 
     def _get_tasks(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         users_obj = self.pool.get('res.users')
         result = {}
-        tm = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context).company_id.project_time_mode_id
+        tm = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id.project_time_mode_id
         if tm and tm.factor:
             div = tm.factor
         else:
             div = 1.0
-        tm2 = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context).company_id.planning_time_mode_id
+        tm2 = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id.planning_time_mode_id
         if tm2 and tm2.factor:
             div2 = tm2.factor
         else:
             div2 = 1.0
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             cr.execute("""
                 SELECT COALESCE(sum(tasks.remaining_hours),0)
                 FROM project_task tasks
@@ -439,16 +413,14 @@ class report_account_analytic_planning_account(osv.osv):
         return result
 
     def _get_timesheets(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         users_obj = self.pool.get('res.users')
         result = {}
-        tm2 = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context).company_id.planning_time_mode_id
+        tm2 = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id.planning_time_mode_id
         if tm2 and tm2.factor:
             div2 = tm2.factor
         else:
             div2 = 1.0
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             cr.execute("""
                 SELECT SUM(unit_amount/uom.factor) FROM account_analytic_line acc
                 LEFT JOIN product_uom uom ON (uom.id = acc.product_uom_id)
@@ -513,16 +485,14 @@ class report_account_analytic_planning_stat(osv.osv):
     _order = 'planning_id,user_id'
 
     def _sum_amount_real(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         users_obj = self.pool.get('res.users')
         result = {}
-        tm2 = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context).company_id.planning_time_mode_id
+        tm2 = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id.planning_time_mode_id
         if tm2 and tm2.factor:
             div2 = tm2.factor
         else:
             div2 = 1.0
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if line.user_id:
                 cr.execute('''SELECT sum(acc.unit_amount/uom.factor) FROM account_analytic_line acc
                 LEFT JOIN product_uom uom ON (uom.id = acc.product_uom_id)
@@ -536,21 +506,19 @@ WHERE user_id=%s and account_id=%s and date>=%s and date<=%s''', (line.user_id.i
         return result
 
     def _sum_amount_tasks(self, cr, uid, ids, name, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         users_obj = self.pool.get('res.users')
         result = {}
-        tm = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context).company_id.project_time_mode_id
+        tm = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id.project_time_mode_id
         if tm and tm.factor:
             div = tm.factor
         else:
             div = 1.0
-        tm2 = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context).company_id.planning_time_mode_id
+        tm2 = users_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id.planning_time_mode_id
         if tm2 and tm2.factor:
             div2 = tm2.factor
         else:
             div2 = 1.0
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             where = ''
             if line.user_id:
                 where = 'user_id=' + str(line.user_id.id) + ' and '
diff --git a/addons/project_scrum/project_scrum.py b/addons/project_scrum/project_scrum.py
index 0e516376ffb..7d1d071a7c3 100644
--- a/addons/project_scrum/project_scrum.py
+++ b/addons/project_scrum/project_scrum.py
@@ -70,20 +70,14 @@ class project_scrum_sprint(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def button_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'cancel'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def button_draft(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'draft'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def button_open(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'open'}, context=context)
         for (id, name) in self.name_get(cr, uid, ids):
             message = _("The sprint '%s' has been opened.") % (name,)
@@ -91,8 +85,6 @@ class project_scrum_sprint(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def button_close(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'done'}, context=context)
         for (id, name) in self.name_get(cr, uid, ids):
             message = _("The sprint '%s' has been closed.") % (name,)
@@ -100,8 +92,6 @@ class project_scrum_sprint(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def button_pending(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'pending'}, context=context)
         return True
 
@@ -134,8 +124,6 @@ class project_scrum_sprint(osv.osv):
         @param ids: List of case’s IDs
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         """
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if default is None:
             default = {}
         default.update({'backlog_ids': [], 'meeting_ids': []})
@@ -159,8 +147,6 @@ class project_scrum_product_backlog(osv.osv):
     def name_search(self, cr, uid, name, args=None, operator='ilike', context=None, limit=100):
         if not args:
             args=[]
-        if not context:
-            context={}
         if name:
             match = re.match('^S\(([0-9]+)\)$', name)
             if match:
@@ -173,8 +159,6 @@ class project_scrum_product_backlog(osv.osv):
         progress = {}
         if not ids:
             return res
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for backlog in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             tot = 0.0
             prog = 0.0
@@ -197,28 +181,20 @@ class project_scrum_product_backlog(osv.osv):
 
     def button_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         obj_project_task = self.pool.get('project.task')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'cancel'}, context=context)
         for backlog in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             obj_project_task.write(cr, uid, [i.id for i in backlog.tasks_id], {'state': 'cancelled'})
         return True
 
     def button_draft(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'draft'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def button_open(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'open'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def button_close(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         obj_project_task = self.pool.get('project.task')
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'done'}, context=context)
         for backlog in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
@@ -226,14 +202,10 @@ class project_scrum_product_backlog(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def button_pending(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'pending'}, context=context)
         return True
 
     def button_postpone(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for product in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             tasks_id = []
             for task in product.tasks_id:
@@ -278,8 +250,6 @@ class project_scrum_task(osv.osv):
 
     def _get_task(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         result = {}
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for line in self.pool.get('project.scrum.product.backlog').browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for task in line.tasks_id:
                 result[task.id] = True
@@ -324,9 +294,7 @@ class project_scrum_meeting(osv.osv):
     }
 
     def button_send_to_master(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
-        meeting_id = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)[0]
+        meeting_id = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         if meeting_id and meeting_id.sprint_id.scrum_master_id.user_email:
             res = self.email_send(cr, uid, ids, meeting_id.sprint_id.scrum_master_id.user_email)
             if not res:
@@ -339,7 +307,7 @@ class project_scrum_meeting(osv.osv):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
         context.update({'button_send_product_owner': True})
-        meeting_id = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)[0]
+        meeting_id = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         if meeting_id.sprint_id.product_owner_id.user_email:
             res = self.email_send(cr,uid,ids,meeting_id.sprint_id.product_owner_id.user_email)
             if not res:
@@ -349,10 +317,8 @@ class project_scrum_meeting(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def email_send(self, cr, uid, ids, email, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         email_from = tools.config.get('email_from', False)
-        meeting_id = self.browse(cr,uid,ids)[0]
+        meeting_id = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         user = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context)
         user_email = email_from or user.address_id.email  or email_from
         body = _('Hello ') + meeting_id.sprint_id.scrum_master_id.name + ",\n" + " \n" +_('I am sending you Daily Meeting Details of date')+ ' %s ' % (meeting_id.date)+ _('for the Sprint')+ ' %s\n' % (meeting_id.sprint_id.name)
diff --git a/addons/project_scrum/wizard/project_scrum_backlog_create_task.py b/addons/project_scrum/wizard/project_scrum_backlog_create_task.py
index 827c88b0630..afa4f40a5f8 100644
--- a/addons/project_scrum/wizard/project_scrum_backlog_create_task.py
+++ b/addons/project_scrum/wizard/project_scrum_backlog_create_task.py
@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@ class backlog_create_task(osv.osv_memory):
         document_pool = self.pool.get('ir.attachment')
         ids_task = []
 
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [], context=context)[0]
         backlogs = backlog_id.browse(cr, uid, context['active_ids'], context=context)
         result = mod_obj._get_id(cr, uid, 'project', 'view_task_search_form')
diff --git a/addons/project_scrum/wizard/project_scrum_email.py b/addons/project_scrum/wizard/project_scrum_email.py
index 4d09cecf8ed..3fca16e555f 100644
--- a/addons/project_scrum/wizard/project_scrum_email.py
+++ b/addons/project_scrum/wizard/project_scrum_email.py
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ class project_scrum_email(osv.osv_memory):
 
         @return : default values of fields.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         meeting_pool = self.pool.get('project.scrum.meeting')
         record_ids = context and context.get('active_ids', []) or []
         res = super(project_scrum_email, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ class project_scrum_email(osv.osv_memory):
 
     def button_send_scrum_email(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         if context is None:
-            context={}
+            context = {}
 
         active_id = context.get('active_id', False)
         scrum_meeting_pool = self.pool.get('project.scrum.meeting')
diff --git a/addons/project_scrum/wizard/project_scrum_postpone.py b/addons/project_scrum/wizard/project_scrum_postpone.py
index 27173cf9fe0..52a12446c23 100644
--- a/addons/project_scrum/wizard/project_scrum_postpone.py
+++ b/addons/project_scrum/wizard/project_scrum_postpone.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class postpone_wizard(osv.osv_memory):
     def button_postpone(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         if context is None:
             context = {}    
-        self.pool.get('project.scrum.product.backlog').button_postpone(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids',[]), context)
+        self.pool.get('project.scrum.product.backlog').button_postpone(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids',[]), context=context)
         return {}
 postpone_wizard()
 # vim:expandtab:smartindent:tabstop=4:softtabstop=4:shiftwidth=4:
diff --git a/addons/project_timesheet/project_timesheet.py b/addons/project_timesheet/project_timesheet.py
index 42104fcddc1..13aae753109 100644
--- a/addons/project_timesheet/project_timesheet.py
+++ b/addons/project_timesheet/project_timesheet.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ from tools.translate import _
 class project_project(osv.osv):
     _inherit = 'project.project'
     def onchange_partner_id(self, cr, uid, ids, part=False, context=None):
-        result = super(project_project, self).onchange_partner_id(cr, uid, ids, part, context)
+        result = super(project_project, self).onchange_partner_id(cr, uid, ids, part, context=context)
         if result.get('value', False):
             try:
                 d = self.pool.get('ir.model.data').get_object_reference(cr, uid, 'hr_timesheet_invoice', 'timesheet_invoice_factor1')
@@ -201,9 +201,9 @@ class task(osv.osv):
         if vals.get('project_id',False) or vals.get('name',False):
             vals_line = {}
             hr_anlytic_timesheet = self.pool.get('hr.analytic.timesheet')
-            task_obj_l = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context)
+            task_obj_l = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
             if vals.get('project_id',False):
-                project_obj = self.pool.get('project.project').browse(cr, uid, vals['project_id'])
+                project_obj = self.pool.get('project.project').browse(cr, uid, vals['project_id'], context=context)
                 acc_id = project_obj.analytic_account_id.id
 
             for task_obj in task_obj_l:
diff --git a/addons/purchase/purchase.py b/addons/purchase/purchase.py
index 927f1cdcba5..79bc59759ae 100644
--- a/addons/purchase/purchase.py
+++ b/addons/purchase/purchase.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class purchase_order(osv.osv):
     def _amount_all(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
         cur_obj=self.pool.get('res.currency')
-        for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[order.id] = {
                 'amount_untaxed': 0.0,
                 'amount_tax': 0.0,
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class purchase_order(osv.osv):
         if not value: return False
         if type(ids)!=type([]):
             ids=[ids]
-        for po in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for po in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             cr.execute("""update purchase_order_line set
                     date_planned=%s
                 where
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ class purchase_order(osv.osv):
     _order = "name desc"
 
     def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        purchase_orders = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['state'])
+        purchase_orders = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['state'], context=context)
         unlink_ids = []
         for s in purchase_orders:
             if s['state'] in ['draft','cancel']:
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class purchase_order(osv.osv):
 
         return super(purchase_order, self).unlink(cr, uid, unlink_ids, context=context)
 
-    def button_dummy(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def button_dummy(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         return True
 
     def onchange_dest_address_id(self, cr, uid, ids, adr_id):
@@ -265,14 +265,14 @@ class purchase_order(osv.osv):
         fiscal_position = part.property_account_position and part.property_account_position.id or False
         return {'value':{'partner_address_id': addr['default'], 'pricelist_id': pricelist, 'fiscal_position': fiscal_position}}
 
-    def wkf_approve_order(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def wkf_approve_order(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state': 'approved', 'date_approve': time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')})
         return True
 
     #TODO: implement messages system
-    def wkf_confirm_order(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def wkf_confirm_order(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         todo = []
-        for po in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for po in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not po.order_line:
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Error !'),_('You can not confirm purchase order without Purchase Order Lines.'))
             for line in po.order_line:
@@ -386,8 +386,8 @@ class purchase_order(osv.osv):
                     return True
         return False
 
-    def action_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
-        for purchase in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+    def action_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        for purchase in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for pick in purchase.picking_ids:
                 if pick.state not in ('draft','cancel'):
                     raise osv.except_osv(
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ class purchase_order(osv.osv):
             wf_service.trg_validate(uid, 'stock.picking', picking_id, 'button_confirm', cr)
         return picking_id
 
-    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None,context={}):
+    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
         if not default:
             default = {}
         default.update({
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ class purchase_order(osv.osv):
         return super(purchase_order, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context)
 
 
-    def do_merge(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def do_merge(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         To merge similar type of purchase orders.
         Orders will only be merged if:
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ class purchase_order(osv.osv):
 
         new_orders = {}
 
-        for porder in [order for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids) if order.state == 'draft']:
+        for porder in [order for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context) if order.state == 'draft']:
             order_key = make_key(porder, ('partner_id', 'location_id', 'pricelist_id'))
             new_order = new_orders.setdefault(order_key, ({}, []))
             new_order[1].append(porder.id)
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ class purchase_order(osv.osv):
 purchase_order()
 
 class purchase_order_line(osv.osv):
-    def _amount_line(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, arg,context):
+    def _amount_line(self, cr, uid, ids, prop, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
         cur_obj=self.pool.get('res.currency')
         tax_obj = self.pool.get('account.tax')
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ class purchase_order_line(osv.osv):
     _name = 'purchase.order.line'
     _description = 'Purchase Order Line'
 
-    def copy_data(self, cr, uid, id, default=None,context={}):
+    def copy_data(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
         if not default:
             default = {}
         default.update({'state':'draft', 'move_ids':[],'invoiced':0,'invoice_lines':[]})
@@ -712,8 +712,8 @@ class purchase_order_line(osv.osv):
             res['value']['price_unit'] = 0.0
         return res
 
-    def action_confirm(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
-        self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state': 'confirmed'}, context)
+    def action_confirm(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state': 'confirmed'}, context=context)
         return True
 
 purchase_order_line()
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
         'purchase_id': fields.many2one('purchase.order', 'Purchase Order'),
     }
 
-    def action_po_assign(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def action_po_assign(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ This is action which call from workflow to assign purchase order to procurements
         @return: True
         """
@@ -732,19 +732,21 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
         res = res.values()
         return len(res) and res[0] or 0 #TO CHECK: why workflow is generated error if return not integer value
 
-    def make_po(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def make_po(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Make purchase order from procurement
         @return: New created Purchase Orders procurement wise
         """
         res = {}
-        company = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context).company_id
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
+        company = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id
         partner_obj = self.pool.get('res.partner')
         uom_obj = self.pool.get('product.uom')
         pricelist_obj = self.pool.get('product.pricelist')
         prod_obj = self.pool.get('product.product')
         acc_pos_obj = self.pool.get('account.fiscal.position')
         po_obj = self.pool.get('purchase.order')
-        for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res_id = procurement.move_id.id
             partner = procurement.product_id.seller_id # Taken Main Supplier of Product of Procurement.
             seller_qty = procurement.product_id.seller_qty
diff --git a/addons/purchase/stock.py b/addons/purchase/stock.py
index 93cd142ac01..0d82baa96aa 100644
--- a/addons/purchase/stock.py
+++ b/addons/purchase/stock.py
@@ -118,9 +118,11 @@ class stock_partial_picking(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return: A dictionary which of fields with values.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         pick_obj = self.pool.get('stock.picking')
         res = super(stock_partial_picking, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
-        for pick in pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):
+        for pick in pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
             has_product_cost = (pick.type == 'in' and pick.purchase_id)
             for m in pick.move_lines:
                 if m.state in ('done','cancel') :
@@ -144,9 +146,11 @@ class stock_partial_move(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return: A dictionary which of fields with values.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         res = super(stock_partial_move, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         move_obj = self.pool.get('stock.move')
-        for m in move_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):
+        for m in move_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
             if m.picking_id.type == 'in' and m.product_id.cost_method == 'average' \
                 and m.purchase_line_id and m.picking_id.purchase_id:
                     # We use the original PO unit purchase price as the basis for the cost, expressed
diff --git a/addons/purchase/wizard/purchase_order_group.py b/addons/purchase/wizard/purchase_order_group.py
index 10bf55570cc..2496044a45e 100644
--- a/addons/purchase/wizard/purchase_order_group.py
+++ b/addons/purchase/wizard/purchase_order_group.py
@@ -40,14 +40,14 @@ class purchase_order_group(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: New arch of view.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
         res = super(purchase_order_group, self).fields_view_get(cr, uid, view_id=view_id, view_type=view_type, context=context, toolbar=toolbar,submenu=False)
         if context.get('active_model','') == 'purchase.order' and len(context['active_ids']) < 2:
             raise osv.except_osv(_('Warning'),
             _('Please select multiple order to merge in the list view.'))
         return res
-    def merge_orders(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def merge_orders(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
              To merge similar type of purchase orders.
 
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ class purchase_order_group(osv.osv_memory):
         """
         order_obj = self.pool.get('purchase.order')
         mod_obj =self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         result = mod_obj._get_id(cr, uid, 'purchase', 'view_purchase_order_filter')
         id = mod_obj.read(cr, uid, result, ['res_id'])
 
diff --git a/addons/purchase_requisition/purchase_requisition.py b/addons/purchase_requisition/purchase_requisition.py
index 206a14beab2..c3a35207aa4 100644
--- a/addons/purchase_requisition/purchase_requisition.py
+++ b/addons/purchase_requisition/purchase_requisition.py
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class purchase_requisition(osv.osv):
         'name': lambda obj, cr, uid, context: obj.pool.get('ir.sequence').get(cr, uid, 'purchase.order.requisition'),
     }
 
-    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None,context={}):
+    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
         if not default:
             default = {}
         default.update({
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class purchase_requisition(osv.osv):
         return super(purchase_requisition, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context)
     def tender_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         purchase_order_obj = self.pool.get('purchase.order')
-        for purchase in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for purchase in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for purchase_id in purchase.purchase_ids:
                 if str(purchase_id.state) in('draft','wait'):
                     purchase_order_obj.action_cancel(cr,uid,[purchase_id.id])
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class purchase_requisition_line(osv.osv):
         """
         value = {'product_uom_id': ''}
         if product_id:
-            prod = self.pool.get('product.product').browse(cr, uid, [product_id])[0]
+            prod = self.pool.get('product.product').browse(cr, uid, product_id, context=context)
             value = {'product_uom_id': prod.uom_id.id,'product_qty':1.0}
         return {'value': value}
 
@@ -121,10 +121,10 @@ class purchase_order(osv.osv):
     _columns = {
         'requisition_id' : fields.many2one('purchase.requisition','Purchase Requisition')
     }
-    def wkf_confirm_order(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
-        res = super(purchase_order, self).wkf_confirm_order(cr, uid, ids, context)
+    def wkf_confirm_order(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        res = super(purchase_order, self).wkf_confirm_order(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         proc_obj=self.pool.get('procurement.order')
-        for po in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for po in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if po.requisition_id and (po.requisition_id.exclusive=='exclusive'):
                 for order in po.requisition_id.purchase_ids:
                     if order.id<>po.id:
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class procurement_order(osv.osv):
         sequence_obj = self.pool.get('ir.sequence')
         res = super(procurement_order, self).make_po(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         for proc_id, po_id in res.items():
-            procurement = self.browse(cr, uid, proc_id)
+            procurement = self.browse(cr, uid, proc_id, context=context)
             requisition_id=False
             if procurement.product_id.purchase_requisition:
                 requisition_id=self.pool.get('purchase.requisition').create(cr, uid, {
diff --git a/addons/purchase_requisition/wizard/purchase_requisition_partner.py b/addons/purchase_requisition/wizard/purchase_requisition_partner.py
index a5a291b545d..d88ae8df725 100644
--- a/addons/purchase_requisition/wizard/purchase_requisition_partner.py
+++ b/addons/purchase_requisition/wizard/purchase_requisition_partner.py
@@ -35,9 +35,11 @@ class purchase_requisition_partner(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
     def view_init(self, cr, uid, fields_list, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         res = super(purchase_requisition_partner, self).view_init(cr, uid, fields_list, context=context)
         record_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
-        tender = self.pool.get('purchase.requisition').browse(cr, uid, record_id)
+        tender = self.pool.get('purchase.requisition').browse(cr, uid, record_id, context=context)
         if not tender.line_ids:
             raise osv.except_osv(_('Error!'), _('No Product in Tender'))
         True
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ class purchase_requisition_partner(osv.osv_memory):
         part = self.pool.get('res.partner').browse(cr, uid, partner_id)
         return {'value':{'partner_address_id': addr['default']}}
 
-    def create_order(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def create_order(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
              To Create a purchase orders .
 
@@ -61,6 +63,8 @@ class purchase_requisition_partner(osv.osv_memory):
              @return: {}
 
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         record_ids = context and context.get('active_ids', False)
         if record_ids:
             data =  self.read(cr, uid, ids)
@@ -75,12 +79,12 @@ class purchase_requisition_partner(osv.osv_memory):
             acc_pos_obj = self.pool.get('account.fiscal.position')
             partner_id = data[0]['partner_id']
 
-            supplier_data = partner_obj.browse(cr, uid,[ partner_id])[0]
+            supplier_data = partner_obj.browse(cr, uid, partner_id, context=context)
 
             address_id = partner_obj.address_get(cr, uid, [partner_id], ['delivery'])['delivery']
             list_line=[]
             purchase_order_line={}
-            for tender in tender_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_ids):
+            for tender in tender_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_ids, context=context):
                 for line in tender.line_ids:
                     partner_list = sorted([(partner.sequence, partner) for partner in  line.product_id.seller_ids if partner])
                     partner_rec = partner_list and partner_list[0] and partner_list[0][1] or False
diff --git a/addons/report_webkit/wizard/report_webkit_actions.py b/addons/report_webkit/wizard/report_webkit_actions.py
index 249dd0222d7..a287fd24906 100644
--- a/addons/report_webkit/wizard/report_webkit_actions.py
+++ b/addons/report_webkit/wizard/report_webkit_actions.py
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class report_webkit_actions(osv.osv_memory):
         
         return res
 
-    def do_action(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def do_action(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ This Function Open added Action.
          @param self: The object pointer.
          @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -93,9 +93,11 @@ class report_webkit_actions(osv.osv_memory):
          @param ids: List of report.webkit.actions's ID
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: Dictionary of ir.values form.
-        """        
+        """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}        
         report_obj = self.pool.get('ir.actions.report.xml')
-        for current in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for current in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             report = report_obj.browse(
                                                         cr, 
                                                         uid, 
diff --git a/addons/resource/resource.py b/addons/resource/resource.py
index 5c3ec8bacb8..19ece464eaf 100644
--- a/addons/resource/resource.py
+++ b/addons/resource/resource.py
@@ -250,8 +250,6 @@ class resource_resource(osv.osv):
         """
         Return a list of  Resource Class objects for the resources allocated to the phase.
         """
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         resource_objs = []
         user_pool = self.pool.get('res.users')
         for user in user_pool.browse(cr, uid, user_ids, context=context):
@@ -281,8 +279,6 @@ class resource_resource(osv.osv):
         @param resource_id : resource working on phase/task
         @param resource_calendar : working calendar of the resource
         """
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         resource_calendar_leaves_pool = self.pool.get('resource.calendar.leaves')
         leave_list = []
         if resource_id:
@@ -308,8 +304,6 @@ class resource_resource(osv.osv):
         Change the format of working calendar from 'Openerp' format to bring it into 'Faces' format.
         @param calendar_id : working calendar of the project
         """
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         resource_attendance_pool = self.pool.get('resource.calendar.attendance')
         time_range = "8:00-8:00"
         non_working = ""
@@ -364,7 +358,7 @@ class resource_calendar_leaves(osv.osv):
         'resource_id' : fields.many2one("resource.resource", "Resource", help="If empty, this is a generic holiday for the company. If a resource is set, the holiday/leave is only for this resource"),
     }
 
-    def check_dates(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def check_dates(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
          leave = self.read(cr, uid, ids[0], ['date_from', 'date_to'])
          if leave['date_from'] and leave['date_to']:
              if leave['date_from'] > leave['date_to']:
@@ -379,7 +373,7 @@ class resource_calendar_leaves(osv.osv):
         result = {}
         if resource:
             resource_pool = self.pool.get('resource.resource')
-            result['calendar_id'] = resource_pool.browse(cr, uid, resource).calendar_id.id
+            result['calendar_id'] = resource_pool.browse(cr, uid, resource, context=context).calendar_id.id
             return {'value': result}
         return {'value': {'calendar_id': []}}
 
diff --git a/addons/sale/sale.py b/addons/sale/sale.py
index 529bb403c3d..e3e9f6c599b 100644
--- a/addons/sale/sale.py
+++ b/addons/sale/sale.py
@@ -50,8 +50,6 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
     _description = "Sale Order"
 
     def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if not default:
             default = {}
         default.update({
@@ -65,8 +63,6 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
         return super(sale_order, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context=context)
 
     def _amount_line_tax(self, cr, uid, line, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         val = 0.0
         for c in self.pool.get('account.tax').compute_all(cr, uid, line.tax_id, line.price_unit * (1-(line.discount or 0.0)/100.0), line.product_uom_qty, line.order_id.partner_invoice_id.id, line.product_id, line.order_id.partner_id)['taxes']:
             val += c.get('amount', 0.0)
@@ -74,8 +70,6 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
 
     def _amount_all(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         cur_obj = self.pool.get('res.currency')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = {}
         for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[order.id] = {
@@ -95,8 +89,6 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
 
     # This is False
     def _picked_rate(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if not ids:
             return {}
         res = {}
@@ -131,8 +123,6 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def _invoiced_rate(self, cursor, user, ids, name, arg, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = {}
         for sale in self.browse(cursor, user, ids, context=context):
             if sale.invoiced:
@@ -149,8 +139,6 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def _invoiced(self, cursor, user, ids, name, arg, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = {}
         for sale in self.browse(cursor, user, ids, context=context):
             res[sale.id] = True
@@ -163,8 +151,6 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def _invoiced_search(self, cursor, user, obj, name, args, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if not len(args):
             return []
         clause = ''
@@ -195,8 +181,6 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
         return [('id', 'in', [x[0] for x in res])]
 
     def _get_order(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         result = {}
         for line in self.pool.get('sale.order.line').browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             result[line.order_id.id] = True
@@ -294,8 +278,6 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
 
     # Form filling
     def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         sale_orders = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['state'], context=context)
         unlink_ids = []
         for s in sale_orders:
@@ -355,8 +337,6 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
         return {'value': val}
 
     def shipping_policy_change(self, cr, uid, ids, policy, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if not policy:
             return {}
         inv_qty = 'order'
@@ -367,8 +347,6 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
         return {'value': {'invoice_quantity': inv_qty}}
 
     def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if vals.get('order_policy', False):
             if vals['order_policy'] == 'prepaid':
                 vals.update({'invoice_quantity': 'order'})
@@ -377,8 +355,6 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
         return super(sale_order, self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context=context)
 
     def create(self, cr, uid, vals, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if vals.get('order_policy', False):
             if vals['order_policy'] == 'prepaid':
                 vals.update({'invoice_quantity': 'order'})
@@ -387,8 +363,6 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
         return super(sale_order, self).create(cr, uid, vals, context=context)
 
     def button_dummy(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         return True
 
     #FIXME: the method should return the list of invoices created (invoice_ids)
@@ -396,8 +370,6 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
     # cannot change it directly since the method is called by the sale order
     # workflow and I suppose it expects a single id...
     def _inv_get(self, cr, uid, order, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         return {}
 
     def _make_invoice(self, cr, uid, order, lines, context=None):
@@ -495,7 +467,7 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
         # last day of the last month as invoice date
         if date_inv:
             context['date_inv'] = date_inv
-        for o in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for o in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             lines = []
             for line in o.order_line:
                 if line.invoiced:
@@ -506,7 +478,7 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
             if created_lines:
                 invoices.setdefault(o.partner_id.id, []).append((o, created_lines))
         if not invoices:
-            for o in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+            for o in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
                 for i in o.invoice_ids:
                     if i.state == 'draft':
                         return i.id
@@ -534,7 +506,7 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
     def action_invoice_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
-        for sale in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for sale in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for line in sale.order_line:
                 #
                 # Check if the line is invoiced (has asociated invoice
@@ -762,8 +734,6 @@ class sale_order(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def action_ship_end(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             val = {'shipped': True}
             if order.state == 'shipping_except':
@@ -823,7 +793,8 @@ class sale_order_line(osv.osv):
         tax_obj = self.pool.get('account.tax')
         cur_obj = self.pool.get('res.currency')
         res = {}
-        context = context or {}
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             price = line.price_unit * (1 - (line.discount or 0.0) / 100.0)
             taxes = tax_obj.compute_all(cr, uid, line.tax_id, price, line.product_uom_qty, line.order_id.partner_invoice_id.id, line.product_id, line.order_id.partner_id)
@@ -832,8 +803,6 @@ class sale_order_line(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def _number_packages(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         res = {}
         for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             try:
@@ -967,8 +936,6 @@ class sale_order_line(osv.osv):
         return create_ids
 
     def button_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if line.invoiced:
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Invalid action !'), _('You cannot cancel a sale order line that has already been invoiced !'))
@@ -980,13 +947,9 @@ class sale_order_line(osv.osv):
         return self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state': 'cancel'})
 
     def button_confirm(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         return self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state': 'confirmed'})
 
     def button_done(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         wf_service = netsvc.LocalService("workflow")
         res = self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state': 'done'})
         for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
@@ -1014,8 +977,6 @@ class sale_order_line(osv.osv):
         return {'value': value}
 
     def copy_data(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if not default:
             default = {}
         default.update({'state': 'draft', 'move_ids': [], 'invoiced': False, 'invoice_lines': []})
@@ -1171,8 +1132,6 @@ class sale_order_line(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def unlink(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         """Allows to delete sale order lines in draft,cancel states"""
         for rec in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if rec.state not in ['draft', 'cancel']:
@@ -1212,8 +1171,6 @@ class sale_config_picking_policy(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
     def execute(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         for o in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             ir_values_obj = self.pool.get('ir.values')
             ir_values_obj.set(cr, uid, 'default', False, 'picking_policy', ['sale.order'], o.picking_policy)
diff --git a/addons/sale/stock.py b/addons/sale/stock.py
index 72e3f0a6c24..42208e1cfd9 100644
--- a/addons/sale/stock.py
+++ b/addons/sale/stock.py
@@ -117,8 +117,6 @@ class stock_picking(osv.osv):
         invoice_obj = self.pool.get('account.invoice')
         picking_obj = self.pool.get('stock.picking')
         invoice_line_obj = self.pool.get('account.invoice.line')
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
 
         result = super(stock_picking, self).action_invoice_create(cursor, user,
                 ids, journal_id=journal_id, group=group, type=type,
@@ -190,7 +188,7 @@ class stock_picking(osv.osv):
 
     def action_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         res = super(stock_picking, self).action_cancel(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
-        for pick in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for pick in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             call_ship_end = True
             if pick.sale_id:
                 for picks in pick.sale_id.picking_ids:
@@ -198,7 +196,7 @@ class stock_picking(osv.osv):
                         call_ship_end = False
                         break
                 if call_ship_end:
-                    self.pool.get('sale.order').action_ship_end(cr, uid, [pick.sale_id.id], context)
+                    self.pool.get('sale.order').action_ship_end(cr, uid, [pick.sale_id.id], context=context)
         return res
 
 stock_picking()
diff --git a/addons/sale/wizard/sale_line_invoice.py b/addons/sale/wizard/sale_line_invoice.py
index 0b6a5219b0c..b17b12c1e8f 100644
--- a/addons/sale/wizard/sale_line_invoice.py
+++ b/addons/sale/wizard/sale_line_invoice.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import netsvc
 class sale_order_line_make_invoice(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = "sale.order.line.make.invoice"
     _description = "Sale OrderLine Make_invoice"
-    def make_invoices(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def make_invoices(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
              To make invoices.
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class sale_order_line_make_invoice(osv.osv_memory):
         sales_order_line_obj = self.pool.get('sale.order.line')
         sales_order_obj = self.pool.get('sale.order')
         wf_service = netsvc.LocalService('workflow')
-        for line in sales_order_line_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['active_ids']):
+        for line in sales_order_line_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
             if (not line.invoiced) and (line.state not in ('draft', 'cancel')):
                 if not line.order_id.id in invoices:
                     invoices[line.order_id.id] = []
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class sale_order_line_make_invoice(osv.osv_memory):
                     (order_id,invoice_id) values (%s,%s)', (order.id, res))
 
             flag = True
-            data_sale = sales_order_obj.browse(cr, uid, line.order_id.id)
+            data_sale = sales_order_obj.browse(cr, uid, line.order_id.id, context=context)
             for line in data_sale.order_line:
                 if not line.invoiced:
                     flag = False
diff --git a/addons/sale/wizard/sale_make_invoice.py b/addons/sale/wizard/sale_make_invoice.py
index 7dd9ddac8d1..f414c2475d5 100644
--- a/addons/sale/wizard/sale_make_invoice.py
+++ b/addons/sale/wizard/sale_make_invoice.py
@@ -37,22 +37,24 @@ class sale_make_invoice(osv.osv_memory):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
         record_id = context and context.get('active_id', False)     
-        order = self.pool.get('sale.order').browse(cr, uid, record_id)
+        order = self.pool.get('sale.order').browse(cr, uid, record_id, context=context)
         if order.state == 'draft':
             raise osv.except_osv(_('Warning !'),'You can not create invoice when sale order is not confirmed.')
         return False
     
-    def make_invoices(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def make_invoices(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         order_obj = self.pool.get('sale.order')
         mod_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
         newinv = []
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids)[0]
         order_obj.action_invoice_create(cr, uid, context.get(('active_ids'), []), data['grouped'], date_inv = data['invoice_date'])
         wf_service = netsvc.LocalService("workflow")
         for id in context.get(('active_ids'), []):
             wf_service.trg_validate(uid, 'sale.order', id, 'manual_invoice', cr)
             
-        for o in order_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get(('active_ids'), []), context):
+        for o in order_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get(('active_ids'), []), context=context):
             for i in o.invoice_ids:
                 newinv.append(i.id)
         
diff --git a/addons/sale/wizard/sale_make_invoice_advance.py b/addons/sale/wizard/sale_make_invoice_advance.py
index 8623ba0b879..29e87259903 100644
--- a/addons/sale/wizard/sale_make_invoice_advance.py
+++ b/addons/sale/wizard/sale_make_invoice_advance.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class sale_advance_payment_inv(osv.osv_memory):
         'qtty': 1.0
     }
 
-    def create_invoices(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def create_invoices(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
              To create invoices.
 
@@ -51,9 +51,11 @@ class sale_advance_payment_inv(osv.osv_memory):
         obj_sale = self.pool.get('sale.order')
         obj_lines = self.pool.get('account.invoice.line')
         inv_obj = self.pool.get('account.invoice')
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
 
-        for sale_adv_obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
-            for sale in obj_sale.browse(cr, uid, context['active_ids']):
+        for sale_adv_obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
+            for sale in obj_sale.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
                 create_ids = []
                 ids_inv = []
                 if sale.order_policy == 'postpaid':
@@ -151,7 +153,7 @@ class sale_open_invoice(osv.osv_memory):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
         mod_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
-        for advance_pay in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for advance_pay in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             form_res = mod_obj.get_object_reference(cr, uid, 'account', 'invoice_form')
             form_id = form_res and form_res[1] or False
             tree_res = mod_obj.get_object_reference(cr, uid, 'account', 'invoice_tree')
diff --git a/addons/sale_analytic_plans/sale_analytic_plans.py b/addons/sale_analytic_plans/sale_analytic_plans.py
index cc006f3afc0..b8ccc44079d 100644
--- a/addons/sale_analytic_plans/sale_analytic_plans.py
+++ b/addons/sale_analytic_plans/sale_analytic_plans.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class sale_order_line(osv.osv):
         line_obj = self.pool.get('account.invoice.line')
         create_ids = super(sale_order_line, self).invoice_line_create(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         i = 0
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             line_obj.write(cr, uid, [create_ids[i]], {'analytics_id': line.analytics_id.id})
             i = i + 1
         return create_ids
diff --git a/addons/sale_crm/wizard/crm_make_sale.py b/addons/sale_crm/wizard/crm_make_sale.py
index 0c72c3205cd..506177d08f4 100644
--- a/addons/sale_crm/wizard/crm_make_sale.py
+++ b/addons/sale_crm/wizard/crm_make_sale.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class crm_make_sale(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return: default value of partner_id field.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         lead_obj = self.pool.get('crm.lead')
@@ -51,8 +51,6 @@ class crm_make_sale(osv.osv_memory):
         return lead['partner_id']
 
     def view_init(self, cr, uid, fields_list, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         return super(crm_make_sale, self).view_init(cr, uid, fields_list, context=context)
 
     def makeOrder(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
@@ -65,7 +63,7 @@ class crm_make_sale(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return: Dictionary value of created sale order.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         case_obj = self.pool.get('crm.lead')
@@ -138,8 +136,6 @@ class crm_make_sale(osv.osv_memory):
             return value
 
     def _get_shop_id(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         cmpny_id = self.pool.get('res.users')._get_company(cr, uid, context=context)
         shop = self.pool.get('sale.shop').search(cr, uid, [('company_id', '=', cmpny_id)])
         return shop and shop[0] or False
diff --git a/addons/sale_layout/sale_layout.py b/addons/sale_layout/sale_layout.py
index 90192615f1a..f5b036d143f 100755
--- a/addons/sale_layout/sale_layout.py
+++ b/addons/sale_layout/sale_layout.py
@@ -27,16 +27,15 @@ class sale_order_line(osv.osv):
 
     def _amount_line(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
-        context = context or {}
         for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if line.layout_type == 'article':
                 return super(sale_order_line, self)._amount_line(cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context)
         return res
     
-    def invoice_line_create(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def invoice_line_create(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         new_ids = []
         list_seq = []
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if line.layout_type == 'article':
                 new_ids.append(line.id)
                 list_seq.append(line.sequence)
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ class sale_order_line(osv.osv):
     def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
         if default is None:
             default = {}
-        default['layout_type'] = self.browse(cr, uid, id).layout_type
+        default['layout_type'] = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context=context).layout_type
         return super(sale_order_line, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context)
 
     _order = "order_id, sequence asc"
@@ -127,8 +126,6 @@ sale_order_line()
 
 class one2many_mod2(fields.one2many):
     def get(self, cr, obj, ids, name, user=None, offset=0, context=None, values=None):
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         if not values:
             values = {}
         res = {}
diff --git a/addons/sale_margin/sale_margin.py b/addons/sale_margin/sale_margin.py
index 3a0e09a0309..fdf7eaf69e4 100644
--- a/addons/sale_margin/sale_margin.py
+++ b/addons/sale_margin/sale_margin.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class sale_order_line(osv.osv):
 
     def _product_margin(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[line.id] = 0
             if line.product_id:
                 if line.purchase_price:
diff --git a/addons/sale_mrp/sale_mrp.py b/addons/sale_mrp/sale_mrp.py
index 2ae230ae4a8..cea62f19fa0 100644
--- a/addons/sale_mrp/sale_mrp.py
+++ b/addons/sale_mrp/sale_mrp.py
@@ -32,8 +32,6 @@ class mrp_production(osv.osv):
         @return: Dictionary of values.
         """
         res = {}
-        if context is None:
-            context = {}
         if not field_names:
             field_names = []
         for id in ids:
diff --git a/addons/sale_order_dates/sale_order_dates.py b/addons/sale_order_dates/sale_order_dates.py
index 2877ba0967d..d5d3eeca405 100644
--- a/addons/sale_order_dates/sale_order_dates.py
+++ b/addons/sale_order_dates/sale_order_dates.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class sale_order_dates(osv.osv):
     def _get_effective_date(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
         dates_list = []
-        for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             dates_list = []
             for pick in order.picking_ids:
                 dates_list.append(pick.date)
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class sale_order_dates(osv.osv):
     def _get_commitment_date(self, cr, uid, ids, name, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
         dates_list = []
-        for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for order in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             dates_list = []
             for line in order.order_line:
                 dt = datetime.strptime(order.date_order, '%Y-%m-%d') + relativedelta(days=line.delay or 0.0)
diff --git a/addons/share/wizard/share_wizard.py b/addons/share/wizard/share_wizard.py
index a7789e52431..2ad2784b323 100644
--- a/addons/share/wizard/share_wizard.py
+++ b/addons/share/wizard/share_wizard.py
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class share_create(osv.osv_memory):
 
     def _create_new_share_users(self, cr, uid, wizard_data, group_id, context=None):
         user_obj = self.pool.get('res.users')
-        current_user = user_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid)
+        current_user = user_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context)
         user_ids = []
         if wizard_data.user_type == 'new':
             for new_user in wizard_data.new_users.split('\n'):
diff --git a/addons/stock/product.py b/addons/stock/product.py
index b412d8f9782..27b7590cf5d 100644
--- a/addons/stock/product.py
+++ b/addons/stock/product.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class product_product(osv.osv):
             'property_stock_variation': account_variation
         }
 
-    def do_change_standard_price(self, cr, uid, ids, datas, context={}):
+    def do_change_standard_price(self, cr, uid, ids, datas, context=None):
         """ Changes the Standard Price of Product and creates an account move accordingly.
         @param datas : dict. contain default datas like new_price, stock_output_account, stock_input_account, stock_journal
         @param context: A standard dictionary
@@ -63,19 +63,21 @@ class product_product(osv.osv):
         location_obj = self.pool.get('stock.location')
         move_obj = self.pool.get('account.move')
         move_line_obj = self.pool.get('account.move.line')
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
 
         new_price = datas.get('new_price', 0.0)
         stock_output_acc = datas.get('stock_output_account', False)
         stock_input_acc = datas.get('stock_input_account', False)
         journal_id = datas.get('stock_journal', False)
-        product_obj=self.browse(cr,uid,ids)[0]
+        product_obj=self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0]
         account_variation = product_obj.categ_id.property_stock_variation
         account_variation_id = account_variation and account_variation.id or False
         if not account_variation_id: raise osv.except_osv(_('Error!'), _('Variation Account is not specified for Product Category: %s') % (product_obj.categ_id.name))
         move_ids = []
         loc_ids = location_obj.search(cr, uid,[('usage','=','internal')])
         for rec_id in ids:
-            for location in location_obj.browse(cr, uid, loc_ids):
+            for location in location_obj.browse(cr, uid, loc_ids, context=context):
                 c = context.copy()
                 c.update({
                     'location': location.id,
diff --git a/addons/stock/stock.py b/addons/stock/stock.py
index c67262458f1..0d8b1933f20 100644
--- a/addons/stock/stock.py
+++ b/addons/stock/stock.py
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ class stock_location(osv.osv):
             context = {}
         product_obj = self.pool.get('product.product')
         # Take the user company and pricetype
-        context['currency_id'] = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid).company_id.currency_id.id
+        context['currency_id'] = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).company_id.currency_id.id
 
         # To be able to offer recursive or non-recursive reports we need to prevent recursive quantities by default
         context['compute_child'] = False
@@ -487,8 +487,6 @@ class stock_tracking(osv.osv):
     def name_search(self, cr, user, name, args=None, operator='ilike', context=None, limit=100):
         if not args:
             args = []
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         ids = self.search(cr, user, [('serial', '=', name)]+ args, limit=limit, context=context)
         ids += self.search(cr, user, [('name', operator, name)]+ args, limit=limit, context=context)
         return self.name_get(cr, user, ids, context)
@@ -534,7 +532,7 @@ class stock_picking(osv.osv):
             return False
         if isinstance(ids, (int, long)):
             ids = [ids]
-        for pick in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for pick in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             sql_str = """update stock_move set
                     date='%s'
                 where
@@ -649,7 +647,7 @@ class stock_picking(osv.osv):
         'date': time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
         'company_id': lambda self, cr, uid, c: self.pool.get('res.company')._company_default_get(cr, uid, 'stock.picking', context=c)
     }
-    def action_process(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def action_process(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         return {
             'name':_("Products to Process"),
             'view_mode': 'form',
@@ -670,7 +668,7 @@ class stock_picking(osv.osv):
         if default is None:
             default = {}
         default = default.copy()
-        picking_obj = self.browse(cr, uid, [id], context)[0]
+        picking_obj = self.browse(cr, uid, id, context=context)
         move_obj=self.pool.get('stock.move')
         if ('name' not in default) or (picking_obj.name=='/'):
             seq_obj_name =  'stock.picking.' + picking_obj.type
@@ -679,7 +677,7 @@ class stock_picking(osv.osv):
             default['backorder_id'] = False
         res=super(stock_picking, self).copy(cr, uid, id, default, context)
         if res:
-            picking_obj = self.browse(cr, uid, [res], context)[0]
+            picking_obj = self.browse(cr, uid, res, context=context)
             for move in picking_obj.move_lines:
                 move_obj.write(cr, uid, [move.id], {'tracking_id': False,'prodlot_id':False})
         return res
@@ -754,7 +752,7 @@ class stock_picking(osv.osv):
             context = {}
         wf_service = netsvc.LocalService("workflow")
         self.draft_force_assign(cr, uid, ids)
-        for pick in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for pick in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             move_ids = [x.id for x in pick.move_lines]
             self.pool.get('stock.move').force_assign(cr, uid, move_ids)
             wf_service.trg_write(uid, 'stock.picking', pick.id, cr)
@@ -820,7 +818,7 @@ class stock_picking(osv.osv):
         """ Changes picking state to cancel.
         @return: True
         """
-        for pick in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for pick in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             ids2 = [move.id for move in pick.move_lines]
             self.pool.get('stock.move').action_cancel(cr, uid, ids2, context)
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state': 'cancel', 'invoice_state': 'none'})
@@ -841,7 +839,7 @@ class stock_picking(osv.osv):
         """ Changes move state to assigned.
         @return: True
         """
-        for pick in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for pick in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             todo = []
             for move in pick.move_lines:
                 if move.state == 'assigned':
@@ -1110,7 +1108,7 @@ class stock_picking(osv.osv):
                     return False
         return True
 
-    def allow_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def allow_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         for pick in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not pick.move_lines:
                 return True
@@ -1333,6 +1331,8 @@ class stock_production_lot(osv.osv):
         """ Gets stock of products for locations
         @return: Dictionary of values
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         if 'location_id' not in context:
             locations = self.pool.get('stock.location').search(cr, uid, [('usage', '=', 'internal')], context=context)
         else:
@@ -1392,7 +1392,7 @@ class stock_production_lot(osv.osv):
     _sql_constraints = [
         ('name_ref_uniq', 'unique (name, ref)', 'The combination of serial number and internal reference must be unique !'),
     ]
-    def action_traceability(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def action_traceability(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ It traces the information of a product
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -1447,15 +1447,15 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
 
     def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         res = []
-        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for line in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res.append((line.id, (line.product_id.code or '/')+': '+line.location_id.name+' > '+line.location_dest_id.name))
         return res
 
-    def _check_tracking(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def _check_tracking(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Checks if production lot is assigned to stock move or not.
         @return: True or False
         """
-        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not move.prodlot_id and \
                (move.state == 'done' and \
                ( \
@@ -1467,11 +1467,11 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
                 return False
         return True
 
-    def _check_product_lot(self, cr, uid, ids):
+    def _check_product_lot(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Checks whether move is done or not and production lot is assigned to that move.
         @return: True or False
         """
-        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if move.prodlot_id and move.state == 'done' and (move.prodlot_id.product_id.id != move.product_id.id):
                 return False
         return True
@@ -1529,6 +1529,8 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
         """ Gets default address of partner for destination location
         @return: Address id or False
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         if context.get('move_line', []):
             if context['move_line'][0]:
                 if isinstance(context['move_line'][0], (tuple, list)):
@@ -1545,6 +1547,8 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
         """ Gets default address of partner for source location
         @return: Address id or False
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         if context.get('move_line', []):
             try:
                 return context['move_line'][0][2]['location_id']
@@ -1569,7 +1573,7 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
     def write(self, cr, uid, ids, vals, context=None):
         if uid != 1:
             frozen_fields = set(['product_qty', 'product_uom', 'product_uos_qty', 'product_uos', 'location_id', 'location_dest_id', 'product_id'])
-            for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+            for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
                 if move.state == 'done':
                     if frozen_fields.intersection(vals):
                         raise osv.except_osv(_('Operation forbidden'),
@@ -1757,7 +1761,7 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
         """ Confirms stock move.
         @return: List of ids.
         """
-        moves = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+        moves = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state': 'confirmed'})
         res_obj = self.pool.get('res.company')
         location_obj = self.pool.get('stock.location')
@@ -1810,14 +1814,14 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
         res = self.check_assign(cr, uid, todo)
         return res
 
-    def force_assign(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def force_assign(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Changes the state to assigned.
         @return: True
         """
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state': 'assigned'})
         return True
 
-    def cancel_assign(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def cancel_assign(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Changes the state to confirmed.
         @return: True
         """
@@ -1872,7 +1876,7 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
 
     def setlast_tracking(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         tracking_obj = self.pool.get('stock.tracking')
-        picking = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)[0].picking_id
+        picking = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)[0].picking_id
         if picking:
             last_track = [line.tracking_id.id for line in picking.move_lines if line.tracking_id]
             if not last_track:
@@ -1895,7 +1899,7 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
         pickings = {}
-        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if move.state in ('confirmed', 'waiting', 'assigned', 'draft'):
                 if move.picking_id:
                     pickings[move.picking_id.id] = True
@@ -2023,18 +2027,18 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
         partial_obj=self.pool.get('stock.partial.picking')
         partial_id=partial_obj.search(cr,uid,[])
         if partial_id:
-            partial_datas=partial_obj.read(cr,uid,partial_id)[0]
+            partial_datas = partial_obj.read(cr, uid, partial_id, context=context)[0]
         if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         todo = []
-        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if move.state=="draft":
                 todo.append(move.id)
         if todo:
             self.action_confirm(cr, uid, todo, context=context)
 
-        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if move.picking_id:
                 picking_ids.append(move.picking_id.id)
             if move.move_dest_id.id and (move.state != 'done'):
@@ -2186,7 +2190,7 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
 
         res = []
 
-        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for move in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if split_by_qty <= 0 or quantity == 0:
                 return res
 
@@ -2229,7 +2233,7 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
                 self.write(cr, uid, [current_move], update_val)
         return res
 
-    def action_consume(self, cr, uid, ids, quantity, location_id=False,  context=None):
+    def action_consume(self, cr, uid, ids, quantity, location_id=False, context=None):
         """ Consumed product with specific quatity from specific source location
         @param cr: the database cursor
         @param uid: the user id
@@ -2313,7 +2317,7 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
         uom_obj = self.pool.get('product.uom')
         wf_service = netsvc.LocalService("workflow")
 
-        if  context is None:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
 
         complete, too_many, too_few = [], [], []
@@ -2461,7 +2465,7 @@ class stock_inventory(osv.osv):
         product_context = dict(context, compute_child=False)
 
         location_obj = self.pool.get('stock.location')
-        for inv in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for inv in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             move_ids = []
             for line in inv.inventory_line_id:
                 pid = line.product_id.id
@@ -2506,7 +2510,7 @@ class stock_inventory(osv.osv):
         """ Cancels the stock move and change inventory state to draft.
         @return: True
         """
-        for inv in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for inv in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             self.pool.get('stock.move').action_cancel(cr, uid, [x.id for x in inv.move_ids], context)
             self.write(cr, uid, [inv.id], {'state': 'draft'})
         return True
@@ -2515,7 +2519,7 @@ class stock_inventory(osv.osv):
         """ Cancels both stock move and inventory
         @return: True
         """
-        for inv in self.browse(cr,uid,ids):
+        for inv in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             self.pool.get('stock.move').action_cancel(cr, uid, [x.id for x in inv.move_ids], context)
             self.write(cr, uid, [inv.id], {'state':'cancel'})
         return True
diff --git a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_change_standard_price.py b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_change_standard_price.py
index ecbaef57a36..198b067ac79 100644
--- a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_change_standard_price.py
+++ b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_change_standard_price.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class change_standard_price(osv.osv_memory):
         'enable_stock_in_out_acc':fields.boolean('Enable Related Account',),
     }
 
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
         """ To get default values for the object.
          @param self: The object pointer.
          @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ class change_standard_price(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary
          @return: A dictionary which of fields with values.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         product_pool = self.pool.get('product.product')
         product_obj = product_pool.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id', False))
         res = super(change_standard_price, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ class change_standard_price(osv.osv_memory):
 
         return res
 
-    def onchange_price(self, cr, uid, ids, new_price, context = {}):
+    def onchange_price(self, cr, uid, ids, new_price, context=None):
         """ Sets stock input and output account according to the difference
             of old price and new price.
         @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -78,7 +80,9 @@ class change_standard_price(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return: Dictionary of values
         """
-        product_obj = self.pool.get('product.product').browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id', False))
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
+        product_obj = self.pool.get('product.product').browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_id', False), context=context)
         price = product_obj.standard_price
         diff = price - new_price
         if diff > 0 :
@@ -86,7 +90,7 @@ class change_standard_price(osv.osv_memory):
         else :
             return {'value' : {'enable_stock_in_out_acc':False}}
 
-    def change_price(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def change_price(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Changes the Standard Price of Product.
             And creates an account move accordingly.
         @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -96,10 +100,12 @@ class change_standard_price(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return:
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         rec_id = context and context.get('active_id', False)
         assert rec_id, _('Active ID is not set in Context')
         prod_obj = self.pool.get('product.product')
-        res = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+        res = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         datas = {
             'new_price' : res[0].new_price,
             'stock_output_account' : res[0].stock_account_output.id,
diff --git a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_fill_inventory.py b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_fill_inventory.py
index 83bfdaf9a4c..8b686cbb619 100644
--- a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_fill_inventory.py
+++ b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_fill_inventory.py
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ class stock_fill_inventory(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return:
         """
-        if context==None:
-            context={}        
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}        
         inventory_line_obj = self.pool.get('stock.inventory.line')
         location_obj = self.pool.get('stock.location')
         product_obj = self.pool.get('product.product')
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class stock_fill_inventory(osv.osv_memory):
             ids = ids[0]
         else:
              return {}    
-        fill_inventory = self.browse(cr, uid, ids)
+        fill_inventory = self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         res = {}
         res_location = {}
         if fill_inventory.recursive :
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class stock_fill_inventory(osv.osv_memory):
         for location in res_location.keys():
             res = res_location[location]
             for product_id in res.keys():
-                prod = product_obj.browse(cr, uid, [product_id])[0]
+                prod = product_obj.browse(cr, uid, product_id, context=context)
                 uom = prod.uom_id.id
                 context.update(uom=uom, compute_child=False)
                 amount = stock_location_obj._product_get(cr, uid,
diff --git a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_inventory_line_split.py b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_inventory_line_split.py
index 86a42d6da04..11a6a2da323 100644
--- a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_inventory_line_split.py
+++ b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_inventory_line_split.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class stock_inventory_line_split(osv.osv_memory):
     _description = "Split inventory lines"
 
     
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
         """ To check the availability of production lot. 
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -39,9 +39,11 @@ class stock_inventory_line_split(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary 
         @return: A dictionary which of fields with values. 
         """        
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         record_id = context and context.get('active_id',False)
         res = {}
-        line = self.pool.get('stock.inventory.line').browse(cr, uid, record_id)        
+        line = self.pool.get('stock.inventory.line').browse(cr, uid, record_id, context=context)        
         if 'product_id' in fields:
             res.update({'product_id':line.product_id.id})
         if 'product_uom' in fields:
@@ -64,8 +66,8 @@ class stock_inventory_line_split(osv.osv_memory):
         ir_sequence_obj = self.pool.get('ir.sequence')
         line_obj = self.pool.get('stock.inventory.line')
         new_line = []        
-        for data in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
-            for inv_line in line_obj.browse(cr, uid, line_ids):
+        for data in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
+            for inv_line in line_obj.browse(cr, uid, line_ids, context=context):
                 line_qty = inv_line.product_qty
                 quantity_rest = inv_line.product_qty                
                 new_line = []   
diff --git a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_inventory_merge.py b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_inventory_merge.py
index cbb9f380cb1..f5ca234d66f 100644
--- a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_inventory_merge.py
+++ b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_inventory_merge.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class stock_inventory_merge(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: New arch of view.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
         res = super(stock_inventory_merge, self).fields_view_get(cr, uid, view_id=view_id, view_type=view_type, context=context, toolbar=toolbar,submenu=False)
         if context.get('active_model','') == 'stock.inventory' and len(context['active_ids']) < 2:
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class stock_inventory_merge(osv.osv_memory):
             _('Please select multiple physical inventories to merge in the list view.'))
         return res    
         
-    def do_merge(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def do_merge(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ To merge selected Inventories.
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ class stock_inventory_merge(osv.osv_memory):
         invent_obj = self.pool.get('stock.inventory')
         invent_line_obj = self.pool.get('stock.inventory.line')
         invent_lines = {}
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         for inventory in invent_obj.browse(cr, uid, context['active_ids'], context=context):
             if inventory.state == "done":
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Warning'),
diff --git a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_invoice_onshipping.py b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_invoice_onshipping.py
index 237f7f8ee28..091049b5689 100644
--- a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_invoice_onshipping.py
+++ b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_invoice_onshipping.py
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class stock_invoice_onshipping(osv.osv_memory):
         pick_obj = self.pool.get('stock.picking')
         count = 0
         active_ids = context.get('active_ids',[])
-        for pick in pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, active_ids):
+        for pick in pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, active_ids, context=context):
             if pick.invoice_state != '2binvoiced':
                 count += 1
         if len(active_ids) == 1 and count:
diff --git a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_location_product.py b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_location_product.py
index 9fe800bb0fe..5ac4aa0f944 100644
--- a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_location_product.py
+++ b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_location_product.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class stock_location_product(osv.osv_memory):
         'to_date': fields.datetime('To'), 
     }
 
-    def action_open_window(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def action_open_window(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ To open location wise product information specific to given duration
          @param self: The object pointer.
          @param cr: A database cursor
diff --git a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_move.py b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_move.py
index c10a0e63ec3..d43b03b1c5a 100644
--- a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_move.py
+++ b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_move.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class stock_move_track(osv.osv_memory):
         'quantity': lambda *x: 1
     }
 
-    def track_lines(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def track_lines(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ To track stock moves lines
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -70,6 +70,8 @@ class stock_move_consume(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return: default values of fields
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         res = super(stock_move_consume, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         move = self.pool.get('stock.move').browse(cr, uid, context['active_id'], context=context)
         if 'product_id' in fields:
@@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ class stock_move_consume(osv.osv_memory):
 
         return res
 
-    def do_move_consume(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def do_move_consume(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ To move consumed products
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -92,6 +94,8 @@ class stock_move_consume(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return:
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         move_obj = self.pool.get('stock.move')
         move_ids = context['active_ids']
         for data in self.read(cr, uid, ids):
@@ -121,6 +125,8 @@ class stock_move_scrap(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return: default values of fields
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         res = super(stock_move_consume, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         move = self.pool.get('stock.move').browse(cr, uid, context['active_id'], context=context)
         location_obj = self.pool.get('stock.location')
@@ -140,7 +146,7 @@ class stock_move_scrap(osv.osv_memory):
 
         return res
 
-    def move_scrap(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def move_scrap(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ To move scrapped products
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -149,6 +155,8 @@ class stock_move_scrap(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return:
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         move_obj = self.pool.get('stock.move')
         move_ids = context['active_ids']
         for data in self.read(cr, uid, ids):
@@ -173,6 +181,8 @@ class split_in_production_lot(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return: Default values of fields
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
 
         res = super(split_in_production_lot, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         if context.get('active_id'):
@@ -205,6 +215,8 @@ class split_in_production_lot(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return:
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         self.split(cr, uid, ids, context.get('active_ids'), context=context)
         return {}
 
@@ -226,7 +238,7 @@ class split_in_production_lot(osv.osv_memory):
         move_obj = self.pool.get('stock.move')
         new_move = []
         for data in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
-            for move in move_obj.browse(cr, uid, move_ids):
+            for move in move_obj.browse(cr, uid, move_ids, context=context):
                 move_qty = move.product_qty
                 quantity_rest = move.product_qty
                 uos_qty_rest = move.product_uos_qty
diff --git a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_partial_move.py b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_partial_move.py
index ba39f172f22..edd079315f3 100644
--- a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_partial_move.py
+++ b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_partial_move.py
@@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ class stock_partial_move(osv.osv_memory):
         res = super(stock_partial_move, self).view_init(cr, uid, fields_list, context=context)
         move_obj = self.pool.get('stock.move')
     
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
-        for move in move_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):
+        for move in move_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
             if move.state in ('done', 'cancel'):
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Invalid action !'), _('Cannot deliver products which are already delivered !'))
             
@@ -77,11 +77,11 @@ class stock_partial_move(osv.osv_memory):
 
     def __get_active_stock_moves(self, cr, uid, context=None):
         move_obj = self.pool.get('stock.move')
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
                
         res = []
-        for move in move_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):
+        for move in move_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
             if move.state in ('done', 'cancel'):
                 continue           
             res.append(self.__create_partial_move_memory(move))
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class stock_partial_move(osv.osv_memory):
         result['fields'] = _moves_fields
         return result
    
-    def do_partial(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def do_partial(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Makes partial moves and pickings done.
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -151,11 +151,12 @@ class stock_partial_move(osv.osv_memory):
         @return: A dictionary which of fields with values.
         """
     
-
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         move_obj = self.pool.get('stock.move')
         
         move_ids = context.get('active_ids', False)
-        partial = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context)
+        partial = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
         partial_datas = {
             'delivery_date' : partial.date
         }
@@ -165,7 +166,7 @@ class stock_partial_move(osv.osv_memory):
             p_moves[product_move.move_id.id] = product_move
             
         moves_ids_final = []
-        for move in move_obj.browse(cr, uid, move_ids):
+        for move in move_obj.browse(cr, uid, move_ids, context=context):
             if move.state in ('done', 'cancel'):
                 continue
             if not p_moves.get(move.id, False):
diff --git a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_partial_picking.py b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_partial_picking.py
index 6b3b130b0dc..60e2750db08 100644
--- a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_partial_picking.py
+++ b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_partial_picking.py
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ class stock_partial_picking(osv.osv_memory):
     def view_init(self, cr, uid, fields_list, context=None):
         res = super(stock_partial_picking, self).view_init(cr, uid, fields_list, context=context)
         pick_obj = self.pool.get('stock.picking')
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
-        for pick in pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):
+        for pick in pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
             need_product_cost = (pick.type == 'in')
             for m in pick.move_lines:
                 if m.state in ('done', 'cancel'):
@@ -157,14 +157,13 @@ class stock_partial_picking(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return: A dictionary which of fields with values.
         """
-
         res = super(stock_partial_picking, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         pick_obj = self.pool.get('stock.picking')
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context={}
         if 'date' in fields:
             res.update({'date': time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')})
-        for pick in pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):
+        for pick in pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
             need_product_cost = (pick.type == 'in')
             for m in pick.move_lines:
                 if m.state in ('done', 'cancel'):
@@ -188,7 +187,7 @@ class stock_partial_picking(osv.osv_memory):
                         res['move%s_product_currency'%(m.id)] = currency
         return res
 
-    def do_partial(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def do_partial(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Makes partial moves and pickings done.
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -199,11 +198,11 @@ class stock_partial_picking(osv.osv_memory):
         """
         pick_obj = self.pool.get('stock.picking')
         picking_ids = context.get('active_ids', False)
-        partial = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context)
+        partial = self.browse(cr, uid, ids[0], context=context)
         partial_datas = {
             'delivery_date' : partial.date
         }
-        for pick in pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, picking_ids):
+        for pick in pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, picking_ids, context=context):
             need_product_cost = (pick.type == 'in')
             for m in pick.move_lines:
                 if m.state in ('done', 'cancel'):
diff --git a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_replacement.py b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_replacement.py
index 130f2469d45..17f4d5a62ab 100644
--- a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_replacement.py
+++ b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_replacement.py
@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ class stock_replacement(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = "stock.replacement"
     _description = "Stock Replacement"
 
-    def get_composant(self, cr, uid, ids, context = {}):
+    def get_composant(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         return {}
 
-    def replace_composant(self, cr, uid, ids, context = {}):
+    def replace_composant(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ To open a new wizard that acknowledge, a replacement task
         @return: It returns the replacement acknowledgement form
         """
diff --git a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_return_picking.py b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_return_picking.py
index 663370983df..023db6e3ebc 100644
--- a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_return_picking.py
+++ b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_return_picking.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class stock_return_picking(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = 'stock.return.picking'
     _description = 'Return Picking'
 
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
         """
          To get default values for the object.
          @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -39,10 +39,12 @@ class stock_return_picking(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary
          @return: A dictionary with default values for all field in ``fields``
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         res = super(stock_return_picking, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         record_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
         pick_obj = self.pool.get('stock.picking')
-        pick = pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_id)
+        pick = pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_id, context=context)
         if pick:
             if 'invoice_state' in fields:
                 if pick.invoice_state=='invoiced':
@@ -64,11 +66,13 @@ class stock_return_picking(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: New arch of view with new columns.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         res = super(stock_return_picking, self).view_init(cr, uid, fields_list, context=context)
         record_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) 
         if record_id:
             pick_obj = self.pool.get('stock.picking')
-            pick = pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_id)
+            pick = pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_id, context=context)
             if pick.state not in ['done','confirmed','assigned']:
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Warning !'), _("You may only return pickings that are Confirmed, Available or Done!"))
             return_history = {}
@@ -128,7 +132,7 @@ class stock_return_picking(osv.osv_memory):
             res['arch'] = '\n'.join(arch_lst)
         return res
 
-    def create_returns(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def create_returns(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ 
          Creates return picking.
          @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -137,14 +141,16 @@ class stock_return_picking(osv.osv_memory):
          @param ids: List of ids selected 
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: A dictionary which of fields with values. 
-        """ 
+        """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {} 
         record_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
         move_obj = self.pool.get('stock.move')
         pick_obj = self.pool.get('stock.picking')
         uom_obj = self.pool.get('product.uom')
         wf_service = netsvc.LocalService("workflow")
     
-        pick = pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_id)
+        pick = pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, record_id, context=context)
         data = self.read(cr, uid, ids[0])
         new_picking = None
         date_cur = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
diff --git a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_split_move.py b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_split_move.py
index 92262648272..276133b3a01 100644
--- a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_split_move.py
+++ b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_split_move.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class stock_split_move_line(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = 'stock.move.line.split'
     _description = "Split Moves"
     
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
         """ To get default values for the object.
          @param self: The object pointer.
          @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ class stock_split_move_line(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: A dictionary which of fields with values. 
         """ 
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         res = super(stock_split_move_line, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
         record_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
         pick_obj = self.pool.get('stock.picking')
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@ class stock_split_move_line(osv.osv_memory):
         res['arch'] = '\n'.join(arch_lst)
         return res
     
-    def split_lines(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def split_lines(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Splits moves in quantity given in the wizard.
          @param self: The object pointer.
          @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -99,6 +101,8 @@ class stock_split_move_line(osv.osv_memory):
          @param context: A standard dictionary 
          @return: A dictionary which of fields with values. 
         """ 
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         move_obj = self.pool.get('stock.move')
         record_id = context and context.get('active_id', False) or False
         pick_obj = self.pool.get('stock.picking')
diff --git a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_splitinto.py b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_splitinto.py
index 171d7dd1e14..2d4631f3ebf 100644
--- a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_splitinto.py
+++ b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_splitinto.py
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ class stock_split_into(osv.osv_memory):
         move_obj = self.pool.get('stock.move')
         track_obj = self.pool.get('stock.tracking')
         inventory_obj = self.pool.get('stock.inventory')
-        quantity = self.browse(cr, uid, data[0], context).quantity or 0.0
-        for move in move_obj.browse(cr, uid, rec_id):
+        quantity = self.browse(cr, uid, data[0], context=context).quantity or 0.0
+        for move in move_obj.browse(cr, uid, rec_id, context=context):
             quantity_rest = move.product_qty - quantity
             #if move.tracking_id :
             #    raise osv.except_osv(_('Error!'),  _('The current move line is already assigned to a pack, please remove it first if you really want to change it ' \
diff --git a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_traceability.py b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_traceability.py
index 815f90810ed..44026c22679 100644
--- a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_traceability.py
+++ b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_traceability.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class action_traceability(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = "action.traceability"
     _description = "Action traceability "
      
-    def action_traceability(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def action_traceability(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ It traces the information of a product
         @param self: The object pointer.
         @param cr: A database cursor
@@ -38,7 +38,8 @@ class action_traceability(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary 
         @return: A dictionary of values
         """
-
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         type1 = context['type'] or 'move_history_ids2'
         field = context['field'] or 'tracking_id'
         obj = self.pool.get('stock.move')
diff --git a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_ups.py b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_ups.py
index 2f2315027a6..9ba61d06977 100644
--- a/addons/stock/wizard/stock_ups.py
+++ b/addons/stock/wizard/stock_ups.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class stock_ups(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = "stock.ups"
     _description = "Stock ups"
 
-    def ups_save(self, cr, uid, ids, context = {}):
+    def ups_save(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         return {
             'name': False,
             'view_type': 'form',
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class stock_ups(osv.osv_memory):
             'target':'new',
         }
 
-    def ups_upload(self, cr, uid, ids, context = {}):
+    def ups_upload(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         return {
             'name': False,
             'view_type': 'form',
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class stock_ups_final(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = "stock.ups.final"
     _description = "Stock ups final"
 
-    def create_xmlfile(self, cr, uid, ids, context = {}):
+    def create_xmlfile(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Creates xml report file.
         @return: xml file
         """
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class stock_ups_upload(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = "stock.ups.upload"
     _description = "Stock ups upload"
 
-    def upload_xmlfile(self, cr, uid, ids, context = {}):
+    def upload_xmlfile(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Uploads xml report file.
         @return: 
         """
diff --git a/addons/stock_invoice_directly/wizard/stock_invoice.py b/addons/stock_invoice_directly/wizard/stock_invoice.py
index 84a24ebb6fe..def35742b99 100644
--- a/addons/stock_invoice_directly/wizard/stock_invoice.py
+++ b/addons/stock_invoice_directly/wizard/stock_invoice.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from osv import fields, osv
 class invoice_directly(osv.osv_memory):
     _inherit = 'stock.partial.picking'
 
-    def do_partial(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def do_partial(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """ Makes partial moves and pickings done and 
             launches Create invoice wizard if invoice state is To be Invoiced.
         @param self: The object pointer.
@@ -33,10 +33,12 @@ class invoice_directly(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary
         @return:
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         result = super(invoice_directly, self).do_partial(cr, uid, ids, context)
         pick_obj = self.pool.get('stock.picking')
         picking_ids = context.get('active_ids', False)
-        pick = pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, picking_ids, context)[0]
+        pick = pick_obj.browse(cr, uid, picking_ids, context=context)[0]
         if pick.invoice_state == '2binvoiced':
             return {
                 'name': 'Create Invoice',
diff --git a/addons/stock_location/procurement_pull.py b/addons/stock_location/procurement_pull.py
index 31316bf4eae..7122e5ccd12 100644
--- a/addons/stock_location/procurement_pull.py
+++ b/addons/stock_location/procurement_pull.py
@@ -25,21 +25,21 @@ from tools.translate import _
 class procurement_order(osv.osv):
     _inherit = 'procurement.order'
     def check_buy(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for line in procurement.product_id.flow_pull_ids:
                 if line.location_id==procurement.location_id:
                     return line.type_proc=='buy'
         return super(procurement_order, self).check_buy(cr, uid, ids)
 
     def check_produce(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for line in procurement.product_id.flow_pull_ids:
                 if line.location_id==procurement.location_id:
                     return line.type_proc=='produce'
         return super(procurement_order, self).check_produce(cr, uid, ids)
 
     def check_move(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
-        for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for procurement in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             for line in procurement.product_id.flow_pull_ids:
                 if line.location_id==procurement.location_id:
                     return (line.type_proc=='move') and (line.location_src_id)
diff --git a/addons/stock_location/stock_location.py b/addons/stock_location/stock_location.py
index 1f6d7b78e61..56cba807628 100644
--- a/addons/stock_location/stock_location.py
+++ b/addons/stock_location/stock_location.py
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class stock_move(osv.osv):
     _columns = {
         'cancel_cascade': fields.boolean('Cancel Cascade', help='If checked, when this move is cancelled, cancel the linked move too')
     }
-    def action_cancel(self,cr,uid,ids,context={ }):
+    def action_cancel(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         for m in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if m.cancel_cascade and m.move_dest_id:
                 self.action_cancel(cr, uid, [m.move_dest_id.id], context=context)
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ stock_move()
 
 class stock_location(osv.osv):
     _inherit = 'stock.location'
-    def chained_location_get(self, cr, uid, location, partner=None, product=None, context={}):
+    def chained_location_get(self, cr, uid, location, partner=None, product=None, context=None):
         if product:
             for path in product.path_ids:
                 if path.location_from_id.id == location.id:
diff --git a/addons/stock_planning/stock_planning.py b/addons/stock_planning/stock_planning.py
index 546e83e0053..9fdd94c909d 100644
--- a/addons/stock_planning/stock_planning.py
+++ b/addons/stock_planning/stock_planning.py
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ class stock_period(osv.osv):
         'state': 'draft'
     }
     
-    def button_open(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def button_open(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state': 'open'})
         return True
     
-    def button_close(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def button_close(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state': 'close'})
         return True
 
@@ -192,17 +192,17 @@ class stock_sale_forecast(osv.osv):
     def _to_default_uom_factor(self, cr, uid, product_id, uom_id, context=None):
         uom_obj = self.pool.get('product.uom')
         product_obj = self.pool.get('product.product')
-        product = product_obj.browse(cr, uid, product_id)
+        product = product_obj.browse(cr, uid, product_id, context=context)
         uom = uom_obj.browse(cr, uid, uom_id, context=context)
         coef = uom.factor
         if uom.category_id.id <> product.uom_id.category_id.id:
             coef = coef / product.uos_coeff
         return product.uom_id.factor / coef
 
-    def _from_default_uom_factor(self, cr, uid, product_id, uom_id, context):
+    def _from_default_uom_factor(self, cr, uid, product_id, uom_id, context=None):
         uom_obj = self.pool.get('product.uom')
         product_obj = self.pool.get('product.product')
-        product = product_obj.browse(cr, uid, product_id)
+        product = product_obj.browse(cr, uid, product_id, context=context)
         uom = uom_obj.browse(cr, uid, uom_id, context=context)
         res = uom.factor
         if uom.category_id.id <> product.uom_id.category_id.id:
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class stock_sale_forecast(osv.osv):
 
     def calculate_sales_history(self, cr, uid, ids, context, *args):
         sales = [[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0],]
-        for obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             periods = obj.analyzed_period1_id, obj.analyzed_period2_id, obj.analyzed_period3_id, obj.analyzed_period4_id, obj.analyzed_period5_id
             so_obj = self.pool.get('sale.order')
             so_line_obj = self.pool.get('sale.order.line')
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ class stock_planning(osv.osv):
     _name = "stock.planning"
 
     def _get_in_out(self, cr, uid, val, date_start, date_stop, direction, done, context=None):
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         product_obj = self.pool.get('product.product')
         mapping = {'in': {
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ class stock_planning(osv.osv):
         res = self._to_planning_uom(cr, uid, val, planning_qtys, context)
         return res
 
-    def _to_planning_uom(self, cr, uid, val, qtys, context):
+    def _to_planning_uom(self, cr, uid, val, qtys, context=None):
         res_qty = 0
         if qtys:
             uom_obj = self.pool.get('product.uom')
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ class stock_planning(osv.osv):
 
     def _get_forecast(self, cr, uid, ids, field_names, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
-        for val in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for val in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             res[val.id] = {}
             valid_part = val.confirmed_forecasts_only and " AND state = 'validated'" or ""
             cr.execute('SELECT sum(product_qty), product_uom  \
@@ -382,6 +382,8 @@ class stock_planning(osv.osv):
         return res
 
     def _get_stock_start(self, cr, uid, val, date, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         context['from_date'] = None
         context['to_date'] = date
         locations = [val.warehouse_id.lot_stock_id.id,]
@@ -393,7 +395,7 @@ class stock_planning(osv.osv):
         res = product_obj['qty_available']     # value for stock_start
         return res
 
-    def _get_past_future(self, cr, uid, ids, field_names, arg, context):
+    def _get_past_future(self, cr, uid, ids, field_names, arg, context=None):
         res = {}
         for val in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if val.period_id.date_stop < time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'):
@@ -519,7 +521,7 @@ class stock_planning(osv.osv):
     def _to_default_uom_factor(self, cr, uid, product_id, uom_id, context=None):
         uom_obj = self.pool.get('product.uom')
         product_obj = self.pool.get('product.product')
-        product = product_obj.browse(cr, uid, product_id)
+        product = product_obj.browse(cr, uid, product_id, context=context)
         uom = uom_obj.browse(cr, uid, uom_id, context=context)
         coef = uom.factor
         if uom.category_id.id != product.uom_id.category_id.id:
@@ -530,7 +532,7 @@ class stock_planning(osv.osv):
     def _from_default_uom_factor(self, cr, uid, product_id, uom_id, context=None):
         uom_obj = self.pool.get('product.uom')
         product_obj = self.pool.get('product.product')
-        product = product_obj.browse(cr, uid, product_id)
+        product = product_obj.browse(cr, uid, product_id, context=context)
         uom = uom_obj.browse(cr, uid, uom_id, context=context)
         res = uom.factor
         if uom.category_id.id != product.uom_id.category_id.id:
@@ -592,7 +594,7 @@ class stock_planning(osv.osv):
 # so if UoM is from UoM category it is used as UoM in standard and if product has UoS the UoS will be calcualated.
 # If UoM is from UoS category it is recalculated to basic UoS from product (in planning you can use any UoS from UoS category)
 # and basic UoM is calculated.
-    def _qty_to_standard(self, cr, uid, val, context):
+    def _qty_to_standard(self, cr, uid, val, context=None):
         uos = False
         uos_qty = 0.0
         if val.product_uom.category_id.id == val.product_id.uom_id.category_id.id:
@@ -614,11 +616,11 @@ class stock_planning(osv.osv):
         return uom_qty, uom, uos_qty, uos
 
     def procure_incomming_left(self, cr, uid, ids, context, *args):
-        for obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if obj.incoming_left <= 0:
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Error !'), _('Incoming Left must be greater than 0 !'))
             uom_qty, uom, uos_qty, uos = self._qty_to_standard(cr, uid, obj, context)
-            user = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context)
+            user = self.pool.get('res.users').browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context)
             proc_id = self.pool.get('procurement.order').create(cr, uid, {
                         'company_id' : obj.company_id.id,
                         'name': _('Manual planning for ') + obj.period_id.name,
@@ -656,7 +658,7 @@ class stock_planning(osv.osv):
         return True
 
     def internal_supply(self, cr, uid, ids, context, *args):
-        for obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if obj.incoming_left <= 0:
                 raise osv.except_osv(_('Error !'), _('Incoming Left must be greater than 0 !'))
             if not obj.supply_warehouse_id:
diff --git a/addons/stock_planning/wizard/stock_planning_create_periods.py b/addons/stock_planning/wizard/stock_planning_create_periods.py
index 12e0d56e755..13a822ed3fe 100644
--- a/addons/stock_planning/wizard/stock_planning_create_periods.py
+++ b/addons/stock_planning/wizard/stock_planning_create_periods.py
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ class stock_period_createlines(osv.osv_memory):
     }
     
     def create_stock_periods(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         interval = context.get('interval',0)
         name = context.get('name','Daily')
         period_obj = self.pool.get('stock.period')
diff --git a/addons/subscription/subscription.py b/addons/subscription/subscription.py
index 93615483696..4f40ea25c35 100644
--- a/addons/subscription/subscription.py
+++ b/addons/subscription/subscription.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class subscription_document_fields(osv.osv):
     _defaults = {}
 subscription_document_fields()
 
-def _get_document_types(self, cr, uid, context={}):
+def _get_document_types(self, cr, uid, context=None):
     cr.execute('select m.model, s.name from subscription_document s, ir_model m WHERE s.model = m.id order by s.name')
     return cr.fetchall()
 
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ class subscription_subscription(osv.osv):
         'state': lambda *a: 'draft'
     }
 
-    def set_process(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
-        for row in self.read(cr, uid, ids):
+    def set_process(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        for row in self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             mapping = {'name':'name','interval_number':'interval_number','interval_type':'interval_type','exec_init':'numbercall','date_init':'nextcall'}
             res = {'model':'subscription.subscription', 'args': repr([[row['id']]]), 'function':'model_copy', 'priority':6, 'user_id':row['user_id'] and row['user_id'][0]}
             for key,value in mapping.items():
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ class subscription_subscription(osv.osv):
             self.write(cr, uid, [row['id']], {'cron_id':id, 'state':'running'})
         return True
 
-    def model_copy(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
-        for row in self.read(cr, uid, ids):
+    def model_copy(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        for row in self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             if not row.get('cron_id',False):
                 continue
             cron_ids = [row['cron_id'][0]]
@@ -136,14 +136,14 @@ class subscription_subscription(osv.osv):
             self.write(cr, uid, [row['id']], {'state':state})
         return True
 
-    def set_done(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def set_done(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         res = self.read(cr,uid, ids, ['cron_id'])
         ids2 = [x['cron_id'][0] for x in res if x['id']]
         self.pool.get('ir.cron').write(cr, uid, ids2, {'active':False})
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'done'})
         return True
 
-    def set_draft(self, cr, uid, ids, context={}):
+    def set_draft(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state':'draft'})
         return True
 subscription_subscription()
diff --git a/addons/survey/survey.py b/addons/survey/survey.py
index 207355c47c8..47a0a50f821 100644
--- a/addons/survey/survey.py
+++ b/addons/survey/survey.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class survey(osv.osv):
     _description = 'Survey'
     _rec_name = 'title'
 
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context={}):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
         data = super(survey, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context)
         return data
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class survey(osv.osv):
         self.write(cr, uid, ids, {'state': 'cancel' })
         return True
         
-    def copy(self, cr, uid, ids, default=None, context={}):
+    def copy(self, cr, uid, ids, default=None, context=None):
         vals = {}
         current_rec = self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         title = current_rec.get('title') + ' (Copy)'
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class survey(osv.osv):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return : Dictionary value for print survey form.
         """
-        if not context:
+        if context is None:
             context = {}
         datas = {}
         if 'response_id' in context:
@@ -176,7 +176,9 @@ class survey_page(osv.osv):
         'sequence': lambda * a: 1
     }
 
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context={}):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         data = super(survey_page, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context)
         if context.get('line_order',False):
             if len(context['line_order'][-1]) > 2 and type(context['line_order'][-1][2]) == type({}) and context['line_order'][-1][2].has_key('sequence'):
@@ -185,7 +187,9 @@ class survey_page(osv.osv):
             data['survey_id'] = context['survey_id']
         return data
 
-    def survey_save(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def survey_save(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         search_obj = self.pool.get('ir.ui.view')
         search_id = search_obj.search(cr,uid,[('model','=','survey.question.wiz'),('name','=','Survey Search')])
         surv_name_wiz = self.pool.get('survey.name.wiz')
@@ -200,7 +204,7 @@ class survey_page(osv.osv):
             'context': context
         }
 
-    def copy(self, cr, uid, ids, default=None, context={}):
+    def copy(self, cr, uid, ids, default=None, context=None):
         vals = {}
         current_rec = self.read(cr, uid, ids, context=context)
         title = current_rec.get('title') + ' (Copy)'
@@ -215,7 +219,7 @@ class survey_question(osv.osv):
     _rec_name = 'question'
     _order = 'sequence'
 
-    def _calc_response(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context):
+    def _calc_response(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         if len(ids) == 0:
             return {}
         val = {}
@@ -446,7 +450,7 @@ class survey_question(osv.osv):
 
         return super(survey_question, self).write(cr, uid, ids, vals, context=context)
 
-    def create(self, cr, uid, vals, context):
+    def create(self, cr, uid, vals, context=None):
         minimum_ans = 0
         maximum_ans = 0
         if vals.has_key('answer_choice_ids') and  not len(vals['answer_choice_ids']):
@@ -482,7 +486,9 @@ class survey_question(osv.osv):
         res = super(survey_question, self).create(cr, uid, vals, context)
         return res
 
-    def survey_save(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def survey_save(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         search_obj = self.pool.get('ir.ui.view')
         search_id = search_obj.search(cr,uid,[('model','=','survey.question.wiz'),('name','=','Survey Search')])
         surv_name_wiz = self.pool.get('survey.name.wiz')
@@ -497,7 +503,9 @@ class survey_question(osv.osv):
             'context': context
         }
 
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context={}):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         data = super(survey_question, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context)
         if context.get('line_order',False):
             if len(context['line_order'][-1]) > 2 and type(context['line_order'][-1][2]) == type({}) and context['line_order'][-1][2].has_key('sequence'):
@@ -515,11 +523,15 @@ class survey_question_column_heading(osv.osv):
     _description = 'Survey Question Column Heading'
     _rec_name = 'title'
 
-    def _get_in_visible_rating_weight(self,cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_in_visible_rating_weight(self,cr, uid, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         if context.get('in_visible_rating_weight', False):
             return context['in_visible_rating_weight']
         return False
-    def _get_in_visible_menu_choice(self,cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_in_visible_menu_choice(self,cr, uid, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         if context.get('in_visible_menu_choice', False):
             return context['in_visible_menu_choice']
         return False
@@ -544,9 +556,9 @@ class survey_answer(osv.osv):
     _rec_name = 'answer'
     _order = 'sequence'
 
-    def _calc_response_avg(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context):
+    def _calc_response_avg(self, cr, uid, ids, field_name, arg, context=None):
         val = {}
-        for rec in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context):
+        for rec in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             cr.execute("select count(question_id) ,(select count(answer_id) \
                 from survey_response_answer sra, survey_response_line sa \
                 where sra.response_id = sa.id and sra.answer_id = %d \
@@ -564,7 +576,9 @@ class survey_answer(osv.osv):
             }
         return val
 
-    def _get_in_visible_answer_type(self,cr, uid, context={}):
+    def _get_in_visible_answer_type(self,cr, uid, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         return context.get('in_visible_answer_type', False)
 
     _columns = {
@@ -585,7 +599,9 @@ class survey_answer(osv.osv):
          'in_visible_answer_type':_get_in_visible_answer_type,
     }
 
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context={}):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         data = super(survey_answer, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context)
         if context.get('line_order', False):
             if len(context['line_order'][-1]) > 2 and type(context['line_order'][-1][2]) == type({}) and context['line_order'][-1][2].has_key('sequence'):
@@ -615,14 +631,14 @@ class survey_response(osv.osv):
     def name_get(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         if not len(ids):
             return []
-        reads = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['user_id','date_create'], context)
+        reads = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['user_id','date_create'], context=context)
         res = []
         for record in reads:
             name = (record['user_id'] and record['user_id'][1] or '' )+ ' (' + record['date_create'].split('.')[0] + ')'
             res.append((record['id'], name))
         return res
 
-    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None,context={}):
+    def copy(self, cr, uid, id, default=None, context=None):
         raise osv.except_osv(_('Warning !'),_('You cannot duplicate the resource!'))
 
 survey_response()
@@ -723,7 +739,7 @@ class survey_request(osv.osv):
     def on_change_user(self, cr, uid, ids, user_id, context=None):
         if user_id:
             user_obj = self.pool.get('res.users')
-            user = user_obj.browse(cr, uid, user_id)
+            user = user_obj.browse(cr, uid, user_id, context=context)
             return {'value': {'email': user.address_id.email}}
         return {}
 
diff --git a/addons/survey/wizard/survey_answer.py b/addons/survey/wizard/survey_answer.py
index b8a878a506a..90d702f13ed 100644
--- a/addons/survey/wizard/survey_answer.py
+++ b/addons/survey/wizard/survey_answer.py
@@ -74,10 +74,10 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
                     'response': 0
                 }
                 wiz_id = surv_name_wiz.create(cr, uid, res_data)
-                sur_name_rec = surv_name_wiz.browse(cr, uid, wiz_id)
+                sur_name_rec = surv_name_wiz.browse(cr, uid, wiz_id, context=context)
                 context.update({'sur_name_id' :wiz_id})
             else:
-                sur_name_rec = surv_name_wiz.browse(cr, uid, context['sur_name_id'])
+                sur_name_rec = surv_name_wiz.browse(cr, uid, context['sur_name_id'], context=context)
 
             if context.has_key('active_id'):
                 context.pop('active_id')
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
                     return super(survey_question_wiz, self).\
                                 fields_view_get(cr, uid, view_id=view_id, view_type=view_type, context=context,
                                         toolbar=toolbar, submenu=submenu)
-            sur_rec = survey_obj.browse(cr, uid, survey_id)
+            sur_rec = survey_obj.browse(cr, uid, survey_id, context=context)
             p_id = map(lambda x:x.id, sur_rec.page_ids)
             total_pages = len(p_id)
             pre_button = False
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
             if not sur_name_rec.page_no + 1 :
                 surv_name_wiz.write(cr, uid, [context['sur_name_id'],], {'store_ans':{}})
 
-            sur_name_read = surv_name_wiz.browse(cr, uid, context['sur_name_id'])
+            sur_name_read = surv_name_wiz.browse(cr, uid, context['sur_name_id'], context=context)
             page_number = int(sur_name_rec.page_no)
             if sur_name_read.transfer or not sur_name_rec.page_no + 1:
                 surv_name_wiz.write(cr, uid, [context['sur_name_id']], {'transfer':False})
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
                     if sur_name_rec.page_no > 1:
                         pre_button = True
                 if flag:
-                    pag_rec = page_obj.browse(cr, uid, p_id)
+                    pag_rec = page_obj.browse(cr, uid, p_id, context=context)
                     xml_form = etree.Element('form', {'string': tools.ustr(pag_rec.title)})
                     xml_group = etree.SubElement(xml_form, 'group', {'col': '1', 'colspan': '4'})
                     if context.has_key('response_id') and context.get('response_id', False) \
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
 
                     for que in que_ids:
                         qu_no += 1
-                        que_rec = que_obj.browse(cr, uid, que.id)
+                        que_rec = que_obj.browse(cr, uid, que.id, context=context)
                         descriptive_text = ""
                         separator_string = tools.ustr(qu_no) + "." + tools.ustr(que_rec.question)
                         if ((context.has_key('active') and not context.get('active',False)) or not context.has_key('active')) and que_rec.is_require_answer:
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
                             cr.execute("select email from res_partner_address where id =%s", (resp_id.id,))
                             resp_email = cr.fetchone()[0]
                         if user_email and resp_email:
-                            user_name = user_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid).name
+                            user_name = user_obj.browse(cr, uid, uid, context=context).name
                             mail = "Hello " + survey_data.responsible_id.name + ",\n\n " + str(user_name) + " Give Response Of " + survey_data.title + " Survey.\n\n Thanks,"
                             tools.email_send(user_email, [resp_email], "Survey Answer Of " + str(user_name) , mail, attach = attachments)
 
@@ -479,6 +479,8 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
         @return : Dictionary value for fields list with value.
         """
         value = {}
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         for field in fields_list:
             if field.split('_')[0] == 'progress':
                 tot_page_id = self.pool.get('survey').browse(cr, uid, context.get('survey_id',False))
@@ -558,6 +560,7 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return : True.
         """
+        if context is None: context = {}
         if context.has_key('active') and context.get('active',False):
             return True
 
@@ -1006,7 +1009,7 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
 
         return True
 
-    def action_new_question(self,cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def action_new_question(self,cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         New survey.Question form.
 
@@ -1017,6 +1020,8 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return : Dictionary value for Open new survey.Qestion form.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         for key,val in context.items():
             if type(key) == type(True):
                 context.pop(key)
@@ -1032,7 +1037,7 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
             'context': context
         }
 
-    def action_new_page(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def action_new_page(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         New survey.Page form.
 
@@ -1043,6 +1048,8 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return : Dictionary value for Open new survey.page form.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         for key,val in context.items():
             if type(key) == type(True):
                 context.pop(key)
@@ -1058,7 +1065,7 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
             'context': context
         }
 
-    def action_edit_page(self,cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def action_edit_page(self,cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         Edit survey.page.
 
@@ -1069,6 +1076,8 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return : Dictionary value for Open Edit survey.page form.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         for key,val in context.items():
             if type(key) == type(True):
                 context.pop(key)
@@ -1085,7 +1094,7 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
             'context': context
         }
 
-    def action_delete_page(self,cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def action_delete_page(self,cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         Delete survey.page.
 
@@ -1096,6 +1105,8 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return : Dictionary value for Open next survey.page form, but delete the selected page.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         for key,val in context.items():
             if type(key) == type(True):
                 context.pop(key)
@@ -1116,7 +1127,7 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
             'context': context
         }
 
-    def action_edit_question(self,cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def action_edit_question(self,cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         Edit survey.question.
 
@@ -1127,6 +1138,8 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return : Dictionary value for Open Edit survey.question form.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         for key,val in context.items():
             if type(key) == type(True):
                 context.pop(key)
@@ -1143,7 +1156,7 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
             'context': context
         }
 
-    def action_delete_question(self,cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def action_delete_question(self,cr, uid, ids, context=None):
         """
         Delete survey.question.
 
@@ -1154,6 +1167,8 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return : Dictionary value for Open same survey.page form, but delete the selected survey.question in current survey.page.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         for key,val in context.items():
             if type(key) == type(True):
                 context.pop(key)
@@ -1186,6 +1201,8 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return : Dictionary value for Open Previous Answer form.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         search_obj = self.pool.get('ir.ui.view')
         surv_name_wiz = self.pool.get('survey.name.wiz')
         search_id = search_obj.search(cr,uid,[('model','=','survey.question.wiz'),\
@@ -1216,6 +1233,8 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return : Dictionary value for Open Next Answer form.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         search_obj = self.pool.get('ir.ui.view')
         surv_name_wiz = self.pool.get('survey.name.wiz')
         search_id = search_obj.search(cr,uid,[('model','=','survey.question.wiz'),\
@@ -1246,6 +1265,8 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return : Dictionary value for Open Next survey.page form.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         surv_name_wiz = self.pool.get('survey.name.wiz')
         search_obj = self.pool.get('ir.ui.view')
         search_id = search_obj.search(cr,uid,[('model','=','survey.question.wiz'),('name','=','Survey Search')])
@@ -1271,6 +1292,8 @@ class survey_question_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return : Dictionary value for Open Previous survey.page form.
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         surv_name_wiz = self.pool.get('survey.name.wiz')
         search_obj = self.pool.get('ir.ui.view')
         search_id = search_obj.search(cr,uid,[('model','=','survey.question.wiz'),\
diff --git a/addons/survey/wizard/survey_browse_answer.py b/addons/survey/wizard/survey_browse_answer.py
index b3ddba7ecd7..52664eb48cc 100644
--- a/addons/survey/wizard/survey_browse_answer.py
+++ b/addons/survey/wizard/survey_browse_answer.py
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ class survey_browse_answer(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values,
         @return : Dictionary value for Open the browse answer wizard.
         """
+        if context is None: context = {}
         record = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [])
         record = record and record[0] or {} 
         if record['response_id']:
diff --git a/addons/survey/wizard/survey_print_answer.py b/addons/survey/wizard/survey_print_answer.py
index e634a64c7a0..8375868e9db 100644
--- a/addons/survey/wizard/survey_print_answer.py
+++ b/addons/survey/wizard/survey_print_answer.py
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ class survey_print_answer(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return : Dictionary value for created survey answer report
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         datas = {'ids': context.get('active_ids', [])}
         res = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['response_ids', 'orientation', 'paper_size',\
                              'page_number', 'without_pagebreak'], context)
diff --git a/addons/survey/wizard/survey_print_statistics.py b/addons/survey/wizard/survey_print_statistics.py
index 57221e180da..9c10d138e0e 100644
--- a/addons/survey/wizard/survey_print_statistics.py
+++ b/addons/survey/wizard/survey_print_statistics.py
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ class survey_print_statistics(osv.osv_memory):
         @param context: A standard dictionary for contextual values
         @return: Dictionary value for created survey statistics report
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         datas = {'ids': context.get('active_ids', [])}
         res = self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['survey_ids'], context)
         res = res and res[0] or {}
diff --git a/addons/survey/wizard/survey_selection.py b/addons/survey/wizard/survey_selection.py
index 0b504a71aed..04b829077f3 100644
--- a/addons/survey/wizard/survey_selection.py
+++ b/addons/survey/wizard/survey_selection.py
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ class survey_name_wiz(osv.osv_memory):
         """
         survey_obj = self.pool.get('survey')
         search_obj = self.pool.get('ir.ui.view')
+        if context is None: context = {}
 
         sur_id = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [])[0]
         survey_id = sur_id['survey_id']
diff --git a/addons/survey/wizard/survey_send_invitation.py b/addons/survey/wizard/survey_send_invitation.py
index 62be63dc755..361f7388f6f 100644
--- a/addons/survey/wizard/survey_send_invitation.py
+++ b/addons/survey/wizard/survey_send_invitation.py
@@ -60,11 +60,13 @@ class survey_send_invitation(osv.osv_memory):
         return ''.join([choice(chars) for i in range(6)])
 
     def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields_list, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         data = super(survey_send_invitation, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields_list, context)
         survey_obj = self.pool.get('survey')
         msg = ""
         name = ""
-        for sur in survey_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', [])):
+        for sur in survey_obj.browse(cr, uid, context.get('active_ids', []), context=context):
             name += "\t --> " + sur.title + "\n"
             if sur.state != 'open':
                 msg +=  sur.title + "\n"
@@ -92,6 +94,8 @@ class survey_send_invitation(osv.osv_memory):
 
 
     def action_send(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         record = self.read(cr, uid, ids, [])
         survey_ids =  context.get('active_ids', [])
         record = record and record[0]
@@ -220,6 +224,8 @@ class survey_send_invitation_log(osv.osv_memory):
     }
 
     def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields_list, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         data = super(survey_send_invitation_log, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields_list, context)
         data['note'] = context.get('note', '')
         return data
diff --git a/addons/thunderbird/installer.py b/addons/thunderbird/installer.py
index 62664fedccb..e145501fee2 100644
--- a/addons/thunderbird/installer.py
+++ b/addons/thunderbird/installer.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class thunderbird_installer(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = 'thunderbird.installer'
     _inherit = 'res.config.installer'
 
-    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context={}):
+    def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
         data = super(thunderbird_installer, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context)
         data['pdf_file'] = 'http://doc.openerp.com/book/2/2_6_Comms/2_6_Comms_thunderbird.html'
         file = open(addons.get_module_resource('thunderbird','plugin', 'openerp_plugin.xpi'),'rb')
diff --git a/addons/wiki/wiki.py b/addons/wiki/wiki.py
index 2d814485a7c..f3503936c78 100644
--- a/addons/wiki/wiki.py
+++ b/addons/wiki/wiki.py
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class wiki_group(osv.osv):
         'method': lambda *a: 'page',
     }
 
-    def open_wiki_page(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def open_wiki_page(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
 
         """ Opens Wiki Page of Group
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -62,8 +62,6 @@ class wiki_group(osv.osv):
         @param ids: List of open wiki group’s IDs
         @return: dictionay of open wiki window on give group id
         """
-        if not context:
-            context = {}
         if type(ids) in (int,long,):
             ids = [ids]
         group_id = False
@@ -131,7 +129,7 @@ class wiki_wiki2(osv.osv):
         'minor_edit': lambda *a: True,
     }
 
-    def onchange_group_id(self, cr, uid, ids, group_id, content, context={}):
+    def onchange_group_id(self, cr, uid, ids, group_id, content, context=None):
 
         """ @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
             @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
@@ -140,7 +138,7 @@ class wiki_wiki2(osv.osv):
 
         if (not group_id) or content:
             return {}
-        grp = self.pool.get('wiki.groups').browse(cr, uid, group_id)
+        grp = self.pool.get('wiki.groups').browse(cr, uid, group_id, context=context)
         section = '0'
         for page in grp.page_ids:
             if page.section: section = page.section
diff --git a/addons/wiki/wizard/wiki_create_menu.py b/addons/wiki/wizard/wiki_create_menu.py
index 7cee4f88e96..f95c1e2dffd 100644
--- a/addons/wiki/wizard/wiki_create_menu.py
+++ b/addons/wiki/wizard/wiki_create_menu.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class wiki_create_menu(osv.osv_memory):
         'menu_parent_id': fields.many2one('ir.ui.menu', 'Parent Menu', required=True),
     }
 
-    def wiki_menu_create(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def wiki_menu_create(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
 
         """ Create Menu On the base of Group id and Action id
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ class wiki_create_menu(osv.osv_memory):
         @param ids: List of create menu’s IDs
 
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         obj_wiki_group = self.pool.get('wiki.groups')
         obj_view = self.pool.get('ir.ui.view')
         obj_menu = self.pool.get('ir.ui.menu')
diff --git a/addons/wiki/wizard/wiki_make_index.py b/addons/wiki/wizard/wiki_make_index.py
index 98cc001fe8c..6b159b7ac30 100644
--- a/addons/wiki/wizard/wiki_make_index.py
+++ b/addons/wiki/wizard/wiki_make_index.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class wiki_make_index(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = "wiki.make.index"
     _description = "Create Index"
 
-    def wiki_do_index(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def wiki_do_index(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
 
         """ Makes Index according to page hierarchy
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -35,9 +35,11 @@ class wiki_make_index(osv.osv_memory):
         @param ids: list of wiki index’s IDs
 
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         data = context and context.get('active_ids', []) or []
 
-        for index_obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids):
+        for index_obj in self.browse(cr, uid, ids, context=context):
             wiki_pool = self.pool.get('wiki.wiki')
             cr.execute("Select id, section from wiki_wiki where id IN %s \
                             order by section ", (tuple(data),))
diff --git a/addons/wiki/wizard/wiki_show_diff.py b/addons/wiki/wizard/wiki_show_diff.py
index 43f3f698611..278c91064df 100644
--- a/addons/wiki/wizard/wiki_show_diff.py
+++ b/addons/wiki/wizard/wiki_show_diff.py
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ class showdiff(osv.osv_memory):
         """ @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
         @param uid: the current user’s ID for security checks,
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         history = self.pool.get('wiki.wiki.history')
         ids = context.get('active_ids', [])
 
diff --git a/addons/wiki/wizard/wiki_wiki_page_open.py b/addons/wiki/wizard/wiki_wiki_page_open.py
index 4eafe45cd35..1fe4f8acc49 100644
--- a/addons/wiki/wizard/wiki_wiki_page_open.py
+++ b/addons/wiki/wizard/wiki_wiki_page_open.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class wiki_wiki_page_open(osv.osv_memory):
     _name = "wiki.wiki.page.open"
     _description = "wiz open page"
 
-    def open_wiki_page(self, cr, uid, ids, context):
+    def open_wiki_page(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
 
         """ Opens Wiki Page of Group
         @param cr: the current row, from the database cursor,
@@ -35,8 +35,10 @@ class wiki_wiki_page_open(osv.osv_memory):
         @param ids: List of open wiki page’s IDs
         @return: dictionay of open wiki window on give group id
         """
+        if context is None:
+            context = {}
         group_ids = context.get('active_ids', [])
-        for group in self.pool.get('wiki.groups').browse(cr, uid, group_ids):
+        for group in self.pool.get('wiki.groups').browse(cr, uid, group_ids, context=context):
             value = {
                 'domain': "[('group_id','=',%d)]" % (group.id),
                 'name': 'Wiki Page',